Diet & Nutrition

This study analyzed 42 clinical trials involving 11,305 adults to determine if probiotics can help prevent diarrhea caused by antibiotics. The results showed that taking probiotics alongside antibiotics reduced the risk of diarrhea by 37%. Higher doses and certain probiotic strains (like Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, and Saccharomyces boulardii) were more effective. However, the benefits were only significant in people at moderate to high risk of antibiotic-related diarrhea. The study was well-conducted, but many included trials had a moderate risk of bias. The findings suggest probiotics may be a useful preventative measure but are less effective when the baseline risk of diarrhea is low.

The study systematically reviewed literature on how alcohol consumption impacts brain development in adolescents and young adults (ages 12–24). It found that alcohol can negatively affect brain structure, particularly gray and white matter, and cognitive functions like memory, attention, and decision-making. Drinking at a younger age or in higher amounts increases the risk of alcohol use disorders later in life. While the evidence strongly suggests harmful effects on brain development, results vary due to study quality and confounding factors. The research supports policies limiting youth alcohol consumption, emphasizing its potential long-term risks for brain health and cognitive performance.

This critical review evaluates neuroprotective diets such as the Mediterranean, DASH, and MIND diets in reducing cognitive decline. These diets are rich in antioxidants, healthy fats, and nutrients that support brain health, potentially reducing risks of Alzheimer’s and dementia. However, findings across 5 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and 27 observational studies were inconsistent due to varied dietary scoring methods, cognitive assessment tools, and study durations. Despite gaps, these diets show promise in slowing cognitive decline and warrant further high-quality, long-term trials.

This review discusses how nutrition influences brain health, particularly during aging. It emphasizes that a diet rich in antioxidants, anti-inflammatory components, and essential nutrients—like those found in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and fish—can reduce cognitive decline and lower the risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s. The paper highlights the gut microbiota's role in brain function and the mechanisms through which dietary patterns like the Mediterranean diet benefit cognitive health. It also addresses the detrimental effects of poor nutrition, obesity, and stress on brain aging and function.

This study examined the relationships between nut consumption, cognitive function, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in older adults using U.S. NHANES data from 2011-2014. Moderate nut intake (15-30g/day) was associated with better cognitive performance, especially in memory tasks, compared to non-consumers. However, the association with lower NAFLD risk was not significant after adjusting for other factors. These findings highlight the potential cognitive benefits of moderate nut consumption in aging populations.

The ARISTOTLE study was a 6-month randomized controlled trial that explored the effects of peanut products on memory and stress response in 63 healthy young adults. Participants consumed either skin-roasted peanuts (SRP), peanut butter (PB), or a control butter (CB). Results showed that SRP and PB improved immediate memory and reduced anxiety and depression scores compared to the control. These benefits were linked to polyphenols and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) found in peanuts. The study highlights peanuts as a functional food for enhancing cognitive health and stress-management through their impact on gut-brain interactions and bioactive compounds.

Dietary supplements are widely used to complement nutrient intake but should not replace a balanced diet. Common supplements include vitamins D and B12, calcium, and omega-3s. While they can help address deficiencies and support health, excess intake can lead to side effects or interfere with medications. Regulation by the FDA ensures safety but not efficacy before marketing. Consumers are advised to consult healthcare providers to determine the necessity, dosage, and risks of supplements.

This systematic review evaluated the effects of berry anthocyanins—compounds found in fruits like blueberries and blackcurrants—on cognitive performance, vascular health, and cardiometabolic risk. Results showed improvements in memory and some enhancements in attention, psychomotor speed, and executive function. Vascular measures, such as endothelial function and blood pressure, also improved, suggesting a link between vascular health and cognitive benefits. These findings are significant for reducing age-related cognitive decline and improving cardiovascular health.

This review highlights the health benefits of tree nuts, focusing on their role in glucose modulation, weight management, cardiovascular health, and cognitive performance. Tree nuts are nutrient-dense foods rich in unsaturated fats, fiber, vitamins, and polyphenols. Regular consumption is linked to reduced risks of heart disease, diabetes, inflammation, and oxidative stress, with some evidence suggesting improvements in memory and cognitive function. The bioactive compounds in nuts, such as omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and lutein (notably in pistachios), contribute to brain health, aging prevention, and neuroprotection, potentially delaying cognitive decline and supporting memory.

This study investigated the effects of intermittent fasting (IF) on subcortical vascular dementia (SVaD) in mice. IF improved cognitive functions, such as spatial memory, and reduced hippocampal neuronal loss compared to mice on regular diets. However, IF also increased astrocyte activity, which could indicate either neuroprotection or neuroinflammation, requiring further study. These results suggest IF might help alleviate cognitive impairments in neurovascular diseases like SVaD through mechanisms involving hippocampal health.

This cohort study examined the impact of long-term nut consumption on cognitive performance in 15,467 older women. Women who consumed nuts more frequently had slightly better global cognitive scores and verbal memory than non-consumers. High nut intake was associated with cognitive scores comparable to those seen in women two years younger, suggesting a protective effect against age-related cognitive decline. However, nut consumption did not significantly affect the rate of cognitive decline over six years. The findings support nuts as a simple, nutrient-rich addition to diets for maintaining brain health in older adults.

This study examined the association between adherence to the MIND and Mediterranean diets and the age of onset of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The researchers analyzed dietary patterns and disease data from 167 participants with PD. They found that higher adherence to the MIND diet correlated with a later onset of PD, particularly in women, where the delay could be up to 17 years. For men, the Greek Mediterranean diet showed stronger associations with delayed onset. The findings suggest that antioxidant-rich and anti-inflammatory foods like leafy greens, berries, and fish could play a role in delaying PD onset. These results highlight the potential of diet as a preventive measure, particularly in neurodegenerative diseases.

This systematic review explores the effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) on cognitive function through gut microbiota manipulation. The evidence indicates that probiotics and FMT improve cognition by reducing neuroinflammation and promoting gut-brain axis health. Probiotics enhanced cognitive function in healthy individuals and patients with conditions like Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Prebiotics showed limited cognitive benefits, possibly due to short treatment durations. The findings highlight gut microbiota's role in brain health but emphasize the need for larger, long-term studies to confirm efficacy.

This study explored the link between adherence to the MIND diet and cognitive performance using data from the Framingham Heart Study. Higher adherence to the MIND diet, rich in vegetables, berries, whole grains, and healthy fats, was associated with better global cognitive function, visual memory, and processing speed. MRI scans revealed a connection between higher diet adherence and larger total brain volume, but no link to specific brain regions or cognitive decline over time. The findings underscore the MIND diet’s potential in supporting brain health through its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. However, longitudinal effects remain unclear, highlighting the need for further research.

This study analyzed the association between adherence to the MIND diet and cognitive function in older adults. Using data from a large cohort, researchers found that individuals with higher MIND diet scores had better cognitive performance and slower decline, regardless of common brain pathologies like Alzheimer's-related changes. This suggests that the MIND diet may help build "cognitive resilience," allowing people to maintain mental sharpness even when brain conditions associated with aging are present.

This systematic review examined 22 studies, including randomized trials and cohort studies, on the effects of nut consumption on cognitive performance in adults. The findings were mixed, with stronger evidence for walnuts improving cognition, particularly in older adults at risk of decline. Nut bioactive components, such as polyunsaturated fats and antioxidants, may reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, supporting brain health. While benefits were more pronounced in specific populations, methodological inconsistencies across studies limit definitive conclusions. Nuts remain a promising, nutrient-rich food for cognitive support.

This review highlights the wide-ranging health benefits of nuts, which are rich in unsaturated fats, antioxidants, and bioactive compounds like polyphenols. Nuts improve cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol, blood pressure, and inflammation. Emerging evidence links nut consumption to better brain health, as they combat oxidative stress and support vascular function. Studies suggest nuts may enhance cognitive performance and reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. However, findings are inconsistent, and more research is needed to confirm their long-term impact on cognitive decline.

This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of probiotics on cognitive function in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Among the studies, probiotics were found to improve cognitive performance significantly in those with MCI but showed limited benefits in AD patients. The analysis highlighted the role of probiotics in reducing neuroinflammation and enhancing gut-brain axis activity. Heterogeneity among studies was significant, attributed to differences in probiotic strains, dosages, and study durations. These findings suggest probiotics as a promising intervention, particularly for early cognitive decline stages, but further robust trials are needed.

This randomized crossover trial assessed the effects of a 12-week modified ketogenic diet (KD) on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. The KD improved daily function and quality of life significantly compared to a standard low-fat diet, though cognitive improvements were not statistically significant. Participants maintained a state of ketosis, supporting brain energy through ketones rather than glucose. Changes in cardiovascular markers were mostly positive, and adverse effects were mild, suggesting the diet is safe and feasible for managing AD symptoms.

This systematic review analyzed randomized controlled trials examining nut consumption's effects on children's diet quality, cardiometabolic health, and gastrointestinal outcomes. Studies involved almond, hazelnut, and Brazil nut intake (15–30 g/day) over 3–16 weeks. Nut consumption improved diet quality by increasing healthy fats and reducing empty calories but showed mixed results on cardiometabolic markers like cholesterol and glucose. Limited evidence suggests benefits for gut health, such as reduced constipation and changes in gut bacteria. However, small sample sizes and short durations limit the findings.

This review explores the potential of prebiotics, like inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), to mitigate Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression via the gut-brain axis. Prebiotics promote beneficial gut bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium, which produce compounds like butyrate. These compounds reduce neuroinflammation, enhance gut barrier integrity, and may improve brain health. Animal studies show prebiotics can lower inflammation and improve cognition, but human evidence is limited. The review suggests prebiotics may support AD prevention, emphasizing the need for clinical trials to confirm their cognitive benefits and establish effective dosages.

The article "The Effect of Healthy Diet on Cognitive Performance Among Healthy Seniors – A Mini Review" examines recent studies on how dietary patterns influence cognitive functions in older adults. The review identifies nine original studies published between September 2017 and February 2020, concluding that healthy diets and specific nutrients generally enhance cognitive abilities. Notably, adherence to dietary patterns like the Mediterranean diet and higher diet variety positively affect memory and processing speed. The review also highlights emerging personalized dietary interventions aimed at delaying cognitive decline, emphasizing the need for further randomized controlled trials to determine optimal dietary strategies for aging populations.This review underscores the importance of a healthy diet in maintaining brain health and cognitive performance among seniors. It suggests that adopting dietary patterns rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats can support cognitive functions. Given the publication in Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, a peer-reviewed journal, the findings are credible. However, the review also indicates that more research is needed to identify the most effective dietary interventions, suggesting that while current evidence supports healthy eating for cognitive health, definitive dietary recommendations await further study.

This cohort study investigated the relationship between obesity and dementia risk in older adults from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Results showed that individuals with obesity had a 34% higher risk of developing dementia compared to those with normal weight. Women with abdominal obesity faced a 39% increased risk. The study highlights how excess body fat, particularly around the waist, contributes to dementia through pathways like inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. These findings underscore obesity as a modifiable risk factor for dementia, with implications for public health strategies.

This study investigated the ketogenic diet's (KD) ability to stimulate autophagy in the brain, a process crucial for clearing cellular waste and maintaining brain health. Using mouse models, researchers found that KD increased autophagosome levels, particularly in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, suggesting enhanced brain cell repair and protection. This mechanism may explain KD's neuroprotective benefits in managing conditions like epilepsy and potentially slowing brain aging and neurodegeneration. These findings advance our understanding of KD's impact on brain health.

This review explores the potential of ketogenic diets (KDs) and ketone supplementation (KS) in managing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cognitive decline. KDs shift the brain’s energy source from glucose to ketones, reducing neuroinflammation, improving mitochondrial function, and supporting synaptic health. Animal studies demonstrate reduced amyloid and tau pathology, while human trials suggest improved cognition and memory, particularly in early AD stages. However, challenges include adherence, weight loss, and limited long-term research on safety and efficacy.

This randomized controlled trial examined how caloric restriction (CR) impacts memory and brain health in adults with central obesity. Over four weeks, both continuous and intermittent CR improved hippocampal-related memory (pattern separation), which is crucial for distinguishing similar experiences. No significant difference between the two methods was observed, though intermittent CR slightly impaired recognition memory. These findings highlight the potential for CR to enhance brain function and neurogenesis, particularly in aging populations

This review highlights the importance of zinc, an essential trace element, for human health, focusing on its absorption in the intestine and factors affecting bioavailability. Zinc supports various bodily functions, including immune response, enzymatic reactions, and neural signaling. In vitro models like Caco-2 cells have advanced understanding of zinc transport and absorption at the cellular level, revealing how diet, zinc-binding proteins, and intestinal transporters regulate its uptake. This knowledge is vital for addressing deficiencies and improving zinc-related therapies.

This review examines how diet, physical activity, sleep, and sedentary behavior influence brain development, cognition, and academic performance in children and adolescents. It highlights that poor diet quality—low in fruits, vegetables, and fish, and high in processed foods—is linked to reduced cognitive function. sleep and physical activity positively affect memory, attention, and academic performance. However, most evidence is from cross-sectional studies, emphasizing the need for longitudinal research to better understand these relationships.

This systematic review examined the cognitive effects of dietary supplements on healthy young adults, particularly in military contexts. Tyrosine and caffeine showed the most promise, enhancing attention, vigilance, and memory under stress or sleep deprivation. Omega-3 and flavonoids demonstrated limited but potential benefits for executive function and memory, respectively. The review emphasized methodological weaknesses in many studies and highlighted the need for more robust research to confirm the efficacy of these supplements for cognitive enhancement.

This research paper reviews studies on the potential benefits of berry supplementation for brain health. Berries like blueberries, strawberries, and blackberries are rich in compounds called polyphenols and anthocyanins. These substances can cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in brain regions involved in learning, memory, and behavior. Studies suggest that consuming berries may help protect against neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression, and support cognitive function as we age. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of berries appear to play a key role in these neuroprotective effects.

The paper reviews how diet influences mental health through molecular mechanisms. It highlights how components like omega-3 fatty acids, polyphenols, and B vitamins support brain function by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, enhancing neurogenesis, and improving neurotransmitter activity. Healthy diets rich in plant-based foods and complex carbohydrates benefit the gut-brain axis, promoting mental well-being. Conversely, diets high in sugar and processed foods are linked to poor mental health. It emphasizes the role of bioactive compounds, circadian rhythm, and hormonal balance in brain health, providing insights into dietary strategies to prevent cognitive decline, depression, and anxiety.

This research investigates how alcohol consumption affects the brain, specifically targeting the hippocampus, a region critical for memory and learning. It explores how alcohol impairs synaptic plasticity, neuronal communication, and structural integrity in the hippocampus, leading to cognitive deficits. The study emphasizes the varying vulnerability to alcohol damage across different life stages, from prenatal exposure to adulthood. Findings are significant as they reveal alcohol's role in long-term memory and learning disabilities, which impacts overall brain health and cognitive performance.

This narrative review highlights the connection between the human gut microbiota and brain function, emphasizing their role in cognitive performance and emotional regulation. Studies show that diverse gut microbiota support cognitive flexibility, memory, and executive function. Interventions like probiotics and prebiotics can positively influence gut-brain communication, improving memory and attentional performance. While promising, the field requires further research to solidify findings and establish practical recommendations for enhancing cognition.

This review discusses the widespread use of vitamin and mineral supplements and their limited impact on preventing non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular conditions, cancer, or diabetes in healthy individuals without nutritional deficiencies. While supplements can address deficiencies or maintain nutrient levels, they don't provide added health benefits for most people. Excessive intake of some nutrients, like vitamin A or calcium, can be harmful. The findings emphasize focusing on nutrient intake from whole foods.

This study investigated how intermittent fasting (IF) alleviates diabetes-related cognitive impairment in mice. IF improved spatial memory and reduced anxiety through changes in gut microbiota and associated metabolites, enhancing mitochondrial function and synaptic health in the hippocampus. The study also identified specific metabolites like indolepropionic acid and short-chain fatty acids that contributed to these benefits. Removing gut microbiota diminished IF’s positive effects, highlighting the gut-brain connection in managing cognitive dysfunction.

This review emphasizes the impact of diet and exercise on reducing Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk and improving brain health. The Mediterranean diet, rich in polyunsaturated fats, polyphenols, and antioxidants, protects against cognitive decline by reducing inflammation and supporting brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In contrast, the Western diet, high in saturated fats and simple sugars, increases AD risk through inflammation and insulin resistance. Regular exercise complements these benefits by boosting BDNF, reducing inflammation, and improving insulin sensitivity, supporting cognitive and neuronal health.

This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of probiotics and prebiotics on neurocognitive function, focusing on aging and neurodegenerative conditions. Human studies showed a modest improvement in cognitive tests like MMSE, with significant heterogeneity in outcomes. Animal studies demonstrated consistent neurocognitive improvements, such as faster escape times in maze tests. Mechanisms included anti-inflammatory effects, increased antioxidant activity, and modulation of the gut-brain axis. However, variability in study quality and funding biases highlight the need for more robust clinical trials to validate these findings.

This three-year study investigated the effects of intermittent fasting (IF) on cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Regular IF significantly improved cognitive scores, reduced oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage, while enhancing antioxidant levels and metabolic health. Participants practicing IF regularly had better cognitive recovery, with 24.3% achieving successful aging compared to 3.7% of non-fasters. These findings suggest that IF may promote brain health by modulating key biochemical and metabolic pathways.

This study investigated the effects of intermittent fasting (IF) on rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). IF improved memory performance and reduced oxidative stress in the brain, as evidenced by lower levels of malondialdehyde (a marker of oxidative damage) and increased glutathione (an antioxidant). The hippocampus showed improved cell viability and thickness, with less inflammation and neuronal damage. Prophylactic IF, started alongside the HFD, was more effective than curative IF, applied after damage occurred, in preserving brain health and cognitive function.

This review examines the neuroprotective properties of berries, grapes, and citrus fruits. These fruits, rich in antioxidants like flavonoids and polyphenols, combat oxidative stress and inflammation, which are linked to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Animal and human studies demonstrate that these fruits can improve memory, motor skills, and brain function. Compounds such as resveratrol and anthocyanins show promise in preventing cognitive decline and supporting mental health through anti-inflammatory and antioxidative mechanisms.

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial examined the effects of probiotics on cognitive function and mood in healthy older adults. Over 12 weeks, participants consuming probiotics (Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium longum) showed improved mental flexibility and reduced stress compared to placebo. Probiotics also increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, which are essential for learning and memory. Gut microbiota composition shifted, reducing inflammation-linked bacteria. These findings suggest probiotics may support brain health and stress-management via the gut-brain axis.

This paper explores the dual effects of alcohol on neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s (AD), Parkinson’s (PD), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Light to moderate alcohol intake may reduce the risk of AD by protecting neurons against certain toxic proteins, but excessive alcohol exacerbates brain damage through oxidative stress and inflammation. For PD, evidence is mixed, with some studies suggesting that beer may reduce risk, while heavy drinking harms dopamine pathways. ALS shows inconsistent findings, with limited data suggesting possible protective effects of moderate consumption. Overall, chronic heavy drinking is harmful, while low consumption might confer some benefits under specific conditions.

This review highlights the potential benefits of intermittent fasting (IF) for brain health. IF reduces neuroinflammation, decreases insulin resistance, and enhances autophagy (cellular cleaning processes), all of which are linked to improved cognitive resilience and aging. Key mechanisms include the metabolic switch from glucose to ketones, which activates anti-inflammatory pathways and promotes brain repair. The findings emphasize IF's promise in protecting against neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, though long-term effects and variations between IF regimens require further study.

This review discusses the health benefits of fasting on lifespan, metabolism, and brain health. Fasting promotes a shift from glucose to ketones as an energy source, reducing inflammation and enhancing cellular repair processes like autophagy. It improves brain function through better energy metabolism, increased neuroplasticity, and reduced oxidative stress. Various fasting methods, including intermittent and prolonged fasting, show promise for preventing neurodegenerative diseases and improving cognition. Human and animal studies support its potential but highlight the need for tailored approaches.

This systematic review analyzed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating ketogenic therapies for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The review found that ketogenic diets or supplements, such as medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), improved general cognition and memory over short- and long-term interventions. Ketone production enhanced brain energy metabolism, particularly in those without the APOE ε4 allele, while attention and executive function showed minimal changes. Despite promising findings, study designs were highly variable, requiring further standardization and research.

This review explores the role of vitamin D supplementation in multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic neurological condition. While low vitamin D levels are linked to increased MS risk and activity, clinical trials on supplementation have shown mixed results, with limited impact on reducing relapses or disability progression. High doses appear safe short-term but carry risks of toxicity, including kidney damage and symptoms mimicking MS. More robust research is needed to confirm its therapeutic value and optimal dosage.

This paper reviews the effects of intermittent fasting (IF) on overall health, aging, and disease prevention. IF cycles the body between glucose and ketone energy sources, enhancing stress resistance, reducing inflammation, and promoting cellular repair through processes like autophagy. Animal and early human studies suggest that IF improves memory, learning, and overall brain function while delaying age-related diseases like Alzheimer’s. Benefits also include improved metabolic health, reduced oxidative stress, and better vascular function.

This meta-review analyzed 33 meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining nutrient supplements for mental disorders. Data from 10,951 individuals were included. The strongest evidence supported polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), as an adjunct for depression. Folate-based supplements showed promise for depression and schizophrenia, while N-acetylcysteine (NAC) had emerging benefits for mood disorders. Most supplements had good safety profiles. However, many lacked strong evidence, emphasizing the need for targeted research to identify who benefits most.

This literature review evaluates the impact of the Mediterranean, DASH, and MIND diets on cognitive health, dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Across 56 studies, higher adherence to these diets was generally associated with better cognitive function and reduced AD risk, especially for the MIND diet. The benefits stem from components like olive oil, green leafy vegetables, and berries, which are linked to improved brain function and reduced cognitive decline. The findings emphasize the role of dietary patterns in brain health, particularly in aging populations.

The Healthline article examines the concept that many chronic metabolic diseases may originate in the gut due to chronic inflammation. It explains that the immune system's response to foreign invaders, toxins, or cell injury can lead to inflammation, which, when chronic, may contribute to conditions like obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. The article also discusses the role of gut health in overall well-being, highlighting that an imbalance in gut bacteria can negatively impact health. To support brain health and cognitive performance, the article suggests maintaining a healthy gut through a balanced diet rich in fiber, fermented foods, and probiotics, as well as managing stress and getting adequate sleep. These recommendations are based on current scientific understanding of the gut-brain connection and its influence on overall health.

This cohort study evaluated the impact of dietary supplements and nutrient intake on mortality in U.S. adults. It found that dietary supplements did not significantly reduce all-cause, cardiovascular, or cancer-related mortality. Adequate nutrient intake from foods (not supplements), particularly vitamin K, magnesium, and zinc, was associated with reduced mortality risks. However, excess calcium intake from supplements was linked to increased cancer mortality. These findings highlight the importance of meeting nutrient needs through diet rather than supplements.

This systematic review analyzed various dietary patterns and their effects on cognitive health in older adults. The Mediterranean diet showed the strongest evidence for protecting against cognitive decline and dementia, attributed to its richness in fruits, vegetables, fish, olive oil, and low levels of processed foods. Other diets like DASH, MIND, and anti-inflammatory diets also demonstrated potential benefits but lacked extensive research. These diets reduce inflammation and improve cardiovascular health, which are critical for maintaining brain function during aging.

This review highlights how fasting benefits neurological health by altering metabolism and promoting cellular repair. Fasting enhances the brain's use of ketones for energy, reduces inflammation, and supports neuroplasticity through increased production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Animal studies show fasting improves memory, protects against neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, and enhances recovery after brain injury. While human evidence is limited, fasting holds promise as a low-cost, multi-targeted therapy for brain health.

This study tested how flavonoid-rich mixed berries (blueberries, strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries) affect cognitive function and mood over six hours in young adults. Participants consuming a berry smoothie showed better accuracy and faster response times in challenging cognitive tasks, especially under fatigue, compared to a placebo. Improvements were linked to antioxidants enhancing cerebral blood flow. These results suggest berries can help sustain mental performance during demanding tasks or long work periods.

This review examines the ketogenic diet (KD) as a potential therapy for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). KD promotes a shift from glucose to ketones as the brain's energy source, compensating for glucose metabolism impairments in AD. It reduces amyloid-beta plaques and tau tangles, decreases neuroinflammation, and enhances mitochondrial function, all of which are implicated in AD progression. Both preclinical and limited clinical studies indicate that KD may improve cognitive function and slow neurodegeneration, particularly in early stages of AD.

This paper explores the emerging field of nutritional psychiatry, which examines the impact of diet on mental health. It highlights evidence linking poor diets to mood disorders, such as depression and anxiety, and discusses the role of nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and polyphenols in brain function. The review emphasizes the need for high-quality research to establish how specific diets or nutrients influence mental health through mechanisms like gut microbiota and metabolic processes. Understanding these links could guide dietary interventions for improved mental health and cognitive performance.

This review examines the role of ketogenic diets (KDs) in managing Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. By shifting energy metabolism to ketones, KD reduces oxidative stress, improves mitochondrial function, and decreases neuroinflammation, all contributing to better brain health. Evidence from animal studies and limited human trials shows KD can improve motor and cognitive symptoms, reduce amyloid-beta plaques in Alzheimer’s, and enhance dopamine production in Parkinson’s. However, adherence challenges and potential long-term risks require further investigation.

This systematic review investigates the effects of plant-based diets, such as vegan and vegetarian diets, on physical health, brain health, and cognitive function. It finds strong evidence that plant-based diets improve metabolic health, reduce inflammation, and help with weight loss in the short to medium term. These diets also influence gut microbiome diversity positively, which might affect mental and cognitive health. However, direct evidence of benefits to cognitive function or neurological health is limited. The study underscores the potential of plant-based diets as preventive measures for obesity and related diseases but highlights the need for more research on brain-related outcomes.

This large-scale randomized controlled trial, the VITAL study, examined whether marine-derived omega-3 fatty acid supplementation (1g/day) reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in a general population. Over 25,000 participants (men aged ≥50, women aged ≥55) were randomly assigned to either omega-3 supplements or a placebo, with a median follow-up of 5.3 years.

The results showed no significant reduction in major cardiovascular events or invasive cancer rates in the omega-3 group compared to the placebo. However, a lower risk of myocardial infarction (heart attack) was observed, particularly in individuals with lower fish consumption. No excess risks of adverse effects, including bleeding, were detected.

Statistical significance: The study had sufficient power to detect meaningful effects, but findings were mostly null. The minor reduction in myocardial infarction warrants further investigation but does not support widespread omega-3 supplementation for cardiovascular or cancer prevention.

Limitations: The study duration may not have been long enough to capture long-term effects on cancer. The single dose used (1g/day) limits the ability to assess dose-response relationships.

This cohort study investigated the long-term effects of adherence to the MIND diet on cognitive function and decline in over 16,000 older women. The MIND diet emphasizes leafy greens, berries, nuts, and whole grains, while limiting unhealthy foods. Results showed that greater adherence was moderately associated with better verbal memory but did not significantly impact global cognition or the rate of cognitive decline over six years. The findings highlight the potential of the MIND diet to support certain aspects of cognitive health, particularly in aging populations.

This review highlights the harmful effects of chronic alcohol consumption on the brain and heart. Alcohol triggers inflammation, oxidative stress, and disruptions in cellular function, contributing to neurological disorders and heart diseases like cardiomyopathy. It impairs brain structures, causing cognitive decline and memory loss. Cytokines, especially TNF-α, play a critical role in promoting inflammation and tissue damage. The review also explores how alcohol affects the immune system and barriers like the blood-brain barrier, amplifying its detrimental effects. Understanding these pathways may lead to targeted therapies for alcohol-induced damage.

This study explored how intermittent fasting (IF) affects cognitive decline and metabolic health in estrogen-deficient rats with Alzheimer’s-like conditions. IF reduced memory loss, decreased beta-amyloid deposits in the hippocampus, and improved energy metabolism by enhancing fat utilization. It also lowered inflammation and improved lipid profiles but slightly worsened bone density and fasting insulin resistance. These findings suggest that IF might protect against cognitive decline and metabolic disturbances associated with estrogen deficiency and neurodegeneration.

This study examined the association between the MIND diet and parkinsonism in older adults, using data from the Rush Memory and Aging Project. Parkinsonism, which includes symptoms like tremors and slow movements, affects many older adults. The MIND diet, rich in vegetables, berries, nuts, and whole grains, was linked to a 13% reduced risk of developing parkinsonism per unit increase in diet adherence score. Participants who closely followed the diet also experienced slower progression of motor symptoms. The Mediterranean diet showed some protective effects, but the DASH diet did not. These findings suggest that the MIND diet may offer significant protection against age-related motor decline.

This review explores how various nutrients and dietary supplements impact brain function and cognitive performance. Key findings highlight the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids, flavonoids, caffeine, and creatine for improving memory, reaction time, and mood under specific conditions. However, evidence varies depending on population and context, with many studies focusing on athletes, older adults, or individuals under stress. More research is needed to establish consistent effects and optimal doses for general cognitive enhancement.

This research explores the effects of alcohol (ethanol) on the brain's molecular, cellular, and circuit levels. It reveals how alcohol influences key brain chemicals and pathways, such as those involved in memory, learning, reward, and stress. Acute alcohol exposure affects neurotransmitter systems, leading to relaxation or intoxication. Chronic exposure can cause lasting brain changes, tolerance, and addiction. These findings help explain alcohol’s impact on behavior and cognition, including memory problems and decision-making issues. This understanding is crucial for addressing alcohol use disorders and their wide societal impacts.

This review explores how nutrition influences brain function, cognition, and emotions throughout life. Poor diets rich in saturated fats and low in nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids or polyphenols are linked to inflammation, cognitive decline, and mood disorders. Conversely, diets high in omega-3s, fruits, and vegetables help prevent or reverse these effects by reducing brain inflammation and oxidative stress. Early-life nutrition is especially critical for brain development, with long-term impacts on memory and emotional health. The findings emphasize how diet shapes brain resilience and function at every age.

This cohort study analyzed dietary supplement use and its impact on nutrient adequacy in U.S. adults across different socioeconomic groups. Supplements significantly reduced nutrient inadequacies, especially for calcium, vitamin D, and vitamin E. Higher-income groups benefited more, as they used supplements more frequently and had better diets. However, excessive intake of some nutrients, like calcium and zinc, occasionally exceeded safe levels. The findings highlight supplements as a potential tool to address deficiencies, particularly where diets fall short.

This study investigated the effects of a cyclic ketogenic diet (KD) on aging mice. The diet, alternating weekly between KD and a regular diet, improved memory and reduced midlife mortality without increasing maximum lifespan. KD promoted neuroprotection by activating cellular pathways like PPARα, linked to energy metabolism and inflammation reduction. It preserved memory in tasks like novel object recognition and place avoidance, suggesting enhanced cognitive resilience. These findings indicate that KD can mimic fasting’s health benefits while preventing weight gain.

This systematic review analyzed studies on the health impacts of nuts, highlighting benefits such as improved heart health, weight management, and reduced inflammation. Nuts, including almonds, walnuts, and pistachios, provide nutrients like unsaturated fats, antioxidants, and fiber. They support glycemic control, reduce oxidative stress, and improve lipid profiles without promoting weight gain. Emerging evidence links nut consumption to better cognitive health, especially in aging populations, by mitigating inflammation and enhancing blood flow. However, more research is needed to clarify long-term cognitive effects and benefits for specific populations.

This review examines the role of probiotics and prebiotics in brain development and neurological health through the gut-brain axis. The gut microbiota, influenced by diet, affects neurotransmitter production, inflammation, and neurodevelopment, particularly in early life. Probiotics (e.g., Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium) and prebiotics show potential to improve conditions like depression, anxiety, and neurodevelopmental disorders by enhancing microbiota composition and reducing inflammation. While animal and some human studies highlight promising effects on cognitive function, results vary, and more targeted clinical trials are needed to confirm their benefits.

This review investigates the ketogenic diet (KD) in psychiatric conditions like anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and ADHD. KD improves symptoms in animal models, showing reductions in anxiety and depression-like behaviors, mood stabilization, and decreased social deficits. However, human evidence is limited, mostly anecdotal or from small uncontrolled studies. Mechanisms involve enhanced energy metabolism, reduced neuroinflammation, and neurotransmitter regulation, but adherence and standardization pose challenges.

This review highlights the role of zinc in brain function and its potential to address psychiatric disorders like depression and psychosis. Zinc deficiency, linked to stress, poor diet, or genetic factors, can disrupt neurotransmission and neuroplasticity. Zinc supplementation has shown promise as an adjunctive treatment for depression, enhancing the effects of antidepressants, and may help modulate psychotic symptoms by regulating NMDA receptor activity. These findings suggest zinc’s importance in maintaining mental health and as a possible therapeutic tool.

This systematic review examined the effects of the Mediterranean Diet (MD) on cognitive function and dementia risk. The MD emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, olive oil, fish, and moderate alcohol intake. Across 32 studies, the MD was associated with better cognitive performance, reduced cognitive decline, and a lower risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The MD's benefits may stem from reduced inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular risks. However, most evidence comes from observational studies, limiting conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships. Controlled trials are needed to confirm the MD’s role in brain health.

This meta-analysis investigates the impact of alcohol consumption on the day of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on cognitive, psychological, and medical outcomes. It found that individuals with alcohol in their system at the time of injury (positive blood alcohol level) generally performed slightly worse on cognitive tests and showed subtle memory impairments. However, psychological and functional outcomes such as mortality rates and hospital stays were not significantly affected. The findings highlight alcohol's complex role in TBI outcomes, with both protective and harmful effects suggested.

This study shows that short-term calorie restriction (CR) enhances the production of new neurons in the hippocampus, a brain region critical for memory and learning, by activating the ghrelin receptor (Ghsr). CR also improved the ability to retain fear-based memories in mice. These benefits were tied to increased levels of the neurogenic transcription factor Egr-1, which helps integrate new neurons into brain circuits. This research suggests that CR promotes brain plasticity and memory via specific molecular pathways.

This study investigated the effects of blueberry and strawberry supplementation on aging-related motor and cognitive decline in rats. Over eight weeks, aged rats fed diets with 2% berry content showed significant improvements in motor skills and working memory compared to controls. Enhanced neurogenesis and increased insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels in the hippocampus were observed. These findings suggest that berry consumption supports brain health by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, promoting neuronal regeneration, and improving cognitive performance.

This literature review explores the cognitive benefits of nuts and berries, emphasizing their neuroprotective properties. Regular consumption of nuts, particularly walnuts, and berries like blueberries and strawberries, is linked to improved memory, reduced cognitive decline, and better overall brain health. These foods are rich in antioxidants, polyphenols, and anti-inflammatory compounds, which counteract oxidative stress and inflammation—key factors in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. The findings suggest potential dietary strategies for preserving cognitive function.

The research explores how dietary factors, including calorie restriction, intermittent fasting, polyphenols, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, influence brain plasticity in both animals and humans. These interventions improve markers like neurogenesis, synaptic function, and expression of neurotrophic factors, which are critical for learning, memory, and mood regulation. While animal studies show promising mechanisms, such as enhanced hippocampal function, human applications remain limited by translational gaps. This highlights diet as a modifiable tool for cognitive health.

This randomized controlled crossover trial investigated the effects of 16 weeks of soy nut consumption (67 g/day, high in protein and isoflavones) on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cognitive performance in 23 healthy older adults. Soy nut intake increased regional CBF in brain areas linked to psychomotor speed, which improved significantly. However, no changes were found in memory or executive function. These findings suggest soy nuts may support brain health and psychomotor performance, possibly by enhancing cerebrovascular function through bioactive compounds like isoflavones.

This narrative review highlights the relationship between nut consumption, vascular health, and cognitive function. Nuts are nutrient-dense, containing unsaturated fats, polyphenols, and arginine, which improve endothelial function and reduce inflammation and oxidative stress. These effects enhance vascular health, potentially improving cerebral blood flow and supporting cognitive performance. Epidemiological studies link regular nut intake to reduced risks of cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline, particularly in aging populations. However, evidence on direct cognitive benefits is limited and requires further research to confirm mechanisms and outcomes.

This review discusses the neuroprotective effects of various berries, such as blueberries, strawberries, and blackberries, on brain health and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Rich in polyphenols, these berries combat oxidative stress and inflammation, critical factors in brain aging. Animal and cellular studies show improved memory, reduced neuronal damage, and better motor skills after berry supplementation. The potential to enhance cognitive function and delay brain aging highlights their value in brain health.

This randomized controlled trial studied the effects of prebiotics (B-GOS and FOS) on stress and emotional processing in 45 healthy adults over three weeks. Participants taking B-GOS had lower cortisol levels upon waking, indicating reduced stress. They also showed less attentional focus on negative emotions in a task compared to those taking FOS or a placebo. However, no changes in subjective stress or anxiety scores were observed. These findings suggest B-GOS prebiotics may positively influence stress and emotional regulation through gut-brain interactions.

This study examined whether low levels of vitamin D are linked to increased risks of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Tracking 1,658 older adults for an average of 5.6 years, researchers found that individuals with severe vitamin D deficiency had over twice the risk of developing dementia or Alzheimer’s compared to those with sufficient levels. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with increased neurodegenerative and vascular risks, potentially due to its role in reducing brain inflammation and supporting neural health. These findings highlight the importance of adequate vitamin D levels in maintaining brain health as we age.

This cohort study explored the link between glucose levels and dementia risk in older adults, including those with and without diabetes. Over a 6.8-year follow-up, higher glucose levels were associated with an increased risk of dementia in both groups. For non-diabetics, glucose levels of 115 mg/dL raised dementia risk by 18% compared to 100 mg/dL. Diabetics with levels of 190 mg/dL had a 40% higher risk than those at 160 mg/dL. The findings emphasize that glucose management may be crucial for reducing dementia risk, even in non-diabetic individuals, due to potential impacts on brain vascular health and metabolic function.

This study investigated the link between blood and brain levels of dietary antioxidants, like carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, β-carotene), and cognitive performance in very old adults, including centenarians. It found that higher levels of certain carotenoids, particularly lutein and β-carotene, were associated with better cognitive performance and less dementia severity. Brain carotenoid concentrations mirrored serum levels, suggesting diet influences brain health. The study highlights the potential role of diets rich in green leafy vegetables and colorful fruits in preserving cognitive function as we age.

The NIH article "Should You Take Dietary Supplements?" examines the role of supplements like vitamins, minerals, and botanicals in health maintenance. It emphasizes that while a balanced diet typically provides necessary nutrients, supplements can help fill dietary gaps for some individuals. However, they are not intended to prevent or treat diseases, and their efficacy varies. Potential risks include side effects and interactions with medications. The article advises consulting healthcare providers before starting any supplement regimen to ensure safety and appropriateness. Regarding brain health and cognitive performance, the article does not provide specific evidence supporting the use of dietary supplements for cognitive enhancement. Instead, it underscores the importance of obtaining nutrients through a varied and balanced diet. To promote brain health, lifestyle changes such as consuming a nutrient-rich diet, engaging in regular physical activity, ensuring adequate sleep, and managing stress are recommended. Given the NIH's credibility and the article's emphasis on individualized healthcare consultation, these recommendations are well-founded.

This meta-analysis reviewed the relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk of brain tumors, including gliomas and meningiomas. Using data from 19 studies, the analysis found no strong overall association between alcohol consumption and brain cancer risk. However, heavy drinkers showed a slightly increased risk, particularly for certain types of brain tumors, though this was not statistically significant. The study concludes that moderate alcohol consumption likely does not increase brain tumor risk, but further research on heavy drinking is warranted.

This review examines the benefits of tree nuts, such as walnuts, almonds, pistachios, and pecans, for brain health, particularly in aging populations. Nuts are rich in bioactive compounds like antioxidants, polyphenols, and omega-3 fatty acids, which reduce oxidative stress and inflammation—key contributors to age-related cognitive decline. Research indicates that regular nut consumption can enhance memory, protect neurons, and mitigate neurodegenerative processes. Although findings are promising, most studies are preclinical or observational, highlighting the need for more human trials to confirm long-term cognitive benefits.

This study investigated the effects of magnesium-L-threonate (MgT) supplementation on fear extinction and synaptic plasticity in rats. MgT enhanced the retention of fear extinction without erasing or impairing original fear memories. The treatment boosted synaptic plasticity and increased NMDA receptor signaling and BDNF levels in the prefrontal cortex, but not in the amygdala. These findings suggest MgT’s potential as a therapeutic aid for anxiety-related disorders like PTSD, by improving fear extinction through targeted brain region modulation.

This study investigated whether echinacea, a common herbal remedy, could help treat the common cold. It was a randomized controlled trial with 719 participants aged 12 to 80 years. They were split into four groups: no pills, placebo pills, blinded echinacea pills, and open-label echinacea pills. The primary outcome measured was the severity and duration of cold symptoms.

Results showed that while those who took echinacea had slightly shorter and less severe colds than those in the placebo or no-pill groups, the differences were not statistically significant. There was an average reduction of about 0.53 days in illness duration, but this result was not strong enough to confirm a true effect. The study concluded that this specific echinacea preparation did not significantly alter the course of a common cold.

The Scientific American article "Think Twice: How the Gut's 'Second Brain' Influences Mood and Well-Being" explores the enteric nervous system (ENS), often referred to as the "second brain," located in the gut. The ENS comprises approximately 100 million neurons embedded in the gastrointestinal tract, operating autonomously to manage digestion. It communicates bidirectionally with the central nervous system (CNS) via the gut-brain axis, influencing emotions and cognitive functions. The article highlights that the ENS produces neurotransmitters like serotonin, impacting mood and overall well-being. Disruptions in this communication are linked to conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and may contribute to anxiety and depression.Understanding the gut-brain connection underscores the significance of maintaining gut health for optimal brain function and mental health. Lifestyle changes that support a healthy gut microbiome—such as a balanced diet rich in fiber, regular physical activity, stress-management techniques, and adequate sleep—can positively affect mood and cognitive performance. Given Scientific American's reputation for delivering well-researched scientific information, these insights are credible and align with current scientific understanding of the gut-brain axis.

This review summarizes research on the health benefits of nut consumption, highlighting their nutrient-rich profile including unsaturated fats, fiber, vitamins, and antioxidants. Regular nut intake is associated with reduced risks of heart disease, diabetes (in women), and gallstones, while also lowering cholesterol and inflammation. Nuts do not promote weight gain and may aid in weight management. Their unique bioactive components positively affect cardiovascular and metabolic health, supporting their inclusion in healthy dietary patterns like the Mediterranean diet, which offers diverse chronic disease prevention benefits.

This review examines zinc's dual role as an essential trace element and a potential toxin. Zinc is critical for brain function, immune health, and cellular metabolism, being involved in over 300 enzymes. Zinc deficiency, common due to poor diet or health issues, can impair growth, immunity, and brain development, while excessive zinc intake may disrupt copper metabolism and cause toxicity. In the brain, zinc influences neurotransmission and apoptosis, with imbalances linked to neurodegenerative conditions and cellular damage after injury.

This systematic review assessed 45 studies on the impact of breakfast on children's and adolescents' cognitive performance. Results show breakfast consumption generally benefits attention, memory, and academic performance, especially for nutritionally at-risk children. However, the type and composition of breakfast impact outcomes, with energy and macronutrient balance playing roles. School breakfast programs also improved cognitive performance, though benefits may partially stem from improved attendance. Limitations include inconsistent methodologies and limited focus on adolescents.

This research explores how foods like berries, walnuts, and grape juice, rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds, benefit brain health and aging. Studies in both animals and humans showed these foods improve memory, motor function, and protect against oxidative stress and inflammation—key factors in brain aging. For example, blueberry and grape juice supplementation enhanced memory in older adults, while walnut-enriched diets reversed cognitive deficits in aged rats. These findings highlight the potential of dietary choices to support healthy brain aging.

This review explores how nutrients influence brain function and cognition, emphasizing the roles of omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and flavonoids. These nutrients enhance brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and support synaptic plasticity, crucial for learning and memory. Conversely, diets high in saturated fats impair cognition by reducing BDNF levels. The review highlights diet’s evolutionary role in brain development and suggests dietary interventions, like consuming fish, fruits, and vegetables, to prevent cognitive decline and promote mental health.

This review discusses the science behind omega-3 fatty acids, which are essential fats that the body cannot produce and must obtain from the diet. Found in fish like salmon and tuna, and in fish oil supplements, omega-3s support brain and visual development, reduce inflammation, and improve cardiovascular health. They integrate into cell membranes, influencing cellular signaling and gene expression. Omega-3s also counteract inflammatory molecules, promoting a healthier cellular environment and potentially reducing risks of chronic diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders.

This study examined the link between abdominal obesity, measured by waist-hip ratio (WHR), and brain health in older adults. Higher WHR was associated with reduced hippocampal volume, a key brain area for memory, and increased white matter hyperintensities, linked to cognitive decline and dementia. These associations remained significant even after controlling for factors like BMI, cholesterol, and blood pressure. The findings suggest that abdominal fat contributes to brain aging through metabolic, vascular, and inflammatory pathways, underscoring the need to address central obesity for cognitive health.

This editorial explores the dual nature of alcohol's effects on the brain. While moderate consumption can relax and enhance social interactions, excessive and prolonged drinking leads to significant brain damage, including atrophy (shrinkage) of brain tissue, especially white matter. It highlights that alcohol-related brain damage, such as cerebellar degeneration and memory issues, is partially reversible with abstinence. The study underscores alcohol's potential to damage brain function through mechanisms like neurotoxicity, nutritional deficiencies, and metabolic disturbances.

This commentary discusses the brain's substantial energy demands, which consume about 20% of the body's oxygen despite its small size. Most energy is used for synaptic activity, maintaining balance between excitatory and inhibitory processes, essential for cognitive function and connectivity. Transient metabolic changes during brain activation, like those detected by imaging, are minor compared to the baseline metabolic activity. This highlights the brain's continuous high-energy requirements for maintaining functional readiness and adaptability.