Contribution of Dietary Supplements to Nutritional Adequacy by Socioeconomic Subgroups in Adults of the United States

This cohort study analyzed dietary supplement use and its impact on nutrient adequacy in U.S. adults across different socioeconomic groups. Supplements significantly reduced nutrient inadequacies, especially for calcium, vitamin D, and vitamin E. Higher-income groups benefited more, as they used supplements more frequently and had better diets. However, excessive intake of some nutrients, like calcium and zinc, occasionally exceeded safe levels. The findings highlight supplements as a potential tool to address deficiencies, particularly where diets fall short.

To enhance nutrient adequacy, prioritize a balanced diet rich in vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Supplements can be useful to bridge gaps in calcium, vitamin D, and vitamin E but should not replace whole foods. Monitor intake to avoid excessive supplementation, which can lead to health risks.