Mediterranean Diet, Cognitive Function, and Dementia: A Systematic Review of the Evidence

This systematic review examined the effects of the Mediterranean Diet (MD) on cognitive function and dementia risk. The MD emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, olive oil, fish, and moderate alcohol intake. Across 32 studies, the MD was associated with better cognitive performance, reduced cognitive decline, and a lower risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The MD's benefits may stem from reduced inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular risks. However, most evidence comes from observational studies, limiting conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships. Controlled trials are needed to confirm the MD’s role in brain health.

Incorporate the Mediterranean Diet into daily life by prioritizing whole, plant-based foods, olive oil, fish, and moderate alcohol consumption. Its potential to reduce dementia risk and enhance cognition is promising but largely based on observational data, making it crucial to pair dietary changes with other healthy lifestyle habits. Controlled trials are required to confirm these benefits in diverse populations.