A systematic review of the effect of breakfast on the cognitive performance of children and adolescents

This systematic review assessed 45 studies on the impact of breakfast on children's and adolescents' cognitive performance. Results show breakfast consumption generally benefits attention, memory, and academic performance, especially for nutritionally at-risk children. However, the type and composition of breakfast impact outcomes, with energy and macronutrient balance playing roles. School breakfast programs also improved cognitive performance, though benefits may partially stem from improved attendance. Limitations include inconsistent methodologies and limited focus on adolescents.

Encourage consistent breakfast consumption with a balanced composition of protein, carbohydrates, and healthy fats. Emphasize whole foods like fruits, grains, and dairy to support cognitive performance and energy. Benefits are strongest for undernourished or nutritionally vulnerable children; for others, individual needs and preferences should guide choices.