Explore research on cognitive fitness

This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects of mind-body exercises (yoga, tai chi, qigong, mindfulness) on PTSD symptoms, depression, and anxiety in 871 participants across 16 randomized controlled trials. The results showed significant reductions in PTSD symptoms, depression, and anxiety, particularly for interventions lasting 8–16 weeks, with sessions of 60–150 minutes. These exercises improved emotional resilience and mental well-being, highlighting their value as safe, low-cost adjunct treatments for PTSD and related disorders.

This study explored the relationship between adherence to the MIND diet and cognitive health in participants from the UK Biobank. While the MIND diet, emphasizing vegetables, berries, nuts, and whole grains, has been associated with improved brain health in past studies, this research found limited evidence of such benefits in this population. Higher adherence to the diet correlated with slightly poorer cognitive performance on several tests and showed no significant overall reduction in dementia risk. However, a lower risk of dementia was observed among women who followed the diet. These findings highlight the complexity of dietary influences on cognitive health and the role of individual variability.

This randomized crossover trial evaluated the effects of consuming 30 g/day of mixed tree nuts for 4 weeks on cognition, mood, and gut microbiota in 79 healthy adults aged 18–49. Nut consumption improved picture recognition accuracy and reaction time but showed no significant effects on mood or the diversity of gut microbiota. A specific gut bacterium associated with short-chain fatty acid production increased but was not linked to cognitive outcomes. These findings suggest a potential cognitive benefit of nuts in non-elderly adults, though the mechanisms remain unclear. Further research is needed in populations at risk of cognitive decline.

This study explored the lifelong effects of playing musical instruments on cognitive and brain health in older adults (60+). Comparing 70 musically active individuals with 70 non-musicians, it found that musical activity improved overall cognitive function, including working memory, executive function, language, and visuospatial skills. However, memory-specific benefits were not evident. While no significant differences in brain volume were found in key areas, musically active participants showed stronger links between brain volume and cognitive ability, suggesting enhanced brain resilience. These findings highlight music as a potentially protective activity against age-related cognitive decline.

This study compared 30 older musicians (mean age 70.8) with 30 non-musicians to examine the effects of lifelong musical training on brain health and aging. Musicians demonstrated enhanced verbal fluency, executive function, and finger tapping speed, which correlated with better task performance. MRI revealed larger cerebellar gray matter volumes and reduced age-related atrophy in musicians, suggesting protective effects on motor and cognitive systems. Enhanced connectivity between the cerebellum and hippocampus linked to better motor skills was also observed. These findings support musical training as a potential strategy for mitigating age-related cognitive decline.

This study examined the effects of alcohol consumption on brain structure and function in 25,378 participants from the UK Biobank. Even low levels of alcohol (7–14 units per week) were associated with reduced grey matter volume and changes in white matter microstructure, including markers of poorer neural health. Functional connectivity within several brain networks was also altered. These findings indicate that even moderate drinking can have measurable impacts on brain health, potentially influencing cognitive performance and increasing vulnerability to neurodegenerative conditions.

This systematic review examined 24 studies to evaluate whether pet ownership affects loneliness and social isolation. Results showed mixed evidence; while some studies indicated that pet ownership, especially dogs, might reduce loneliness or isolation, others found no significant effects. The COVID-19 pandemic appeared to amplify pets' positive social impact, as they provided companionship during isolation. However, benefits varied widely based on individual factors, pet types, and study designs. This underscores the complex relationship between pets and social well-being.

A recent study examined whether playing a musical instrument can reduce the risk of dementia in older adults. By analyzing data from three long-term studies in the U.S. and Japan, researchers found that individuals who played instruments had a 36% lower risk of developing dementia compared to non-players. This suggests that engaging in musical activities may support brain health and cognitive function as we age

This randomized controlled trial evaluated the effects of piano training on cognitive, psychosocial, and physiological measures in adults aged 60–80 over 16 weeks. Compared to computer-assisted cognitive-training and a no-treatment control, piano training uniquely improved verbal fluency, working memory, processing speed, and self-efficacy. These gains were most pronounced in participants with lower baseline cognitive scores. While psychosocial benefits were notable, no significant changes were observed in physiological stress or immune markers. This suggests piano training is a promising method for enhancing cognitive resilience and well-being in aging adults.

This systematic review analyzed five randomized controlled trials on the effects of probiotics on mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Probiotic interventions using strains like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium over 12-16 weeks showed improvements in cognitive domains such as memory, attention, and mental flexibility. Benefits were most pronounced in individuals with MCI and not in those with advanced dementia or normal cognition. Probiotics appear to act through the gut-brain axis, reducing neuroinflammation and increasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). These findings support probiotics as a potential preventive measure for cognitive decline, though further research is needed.

This study used data from 47,628 adults across 68 countries to explore the impact of rising nighttime temperatures on sleep. Higher temperatures were linked to reduced sleep duration and increased risk of insufficient sleep, particularly in summer, among older adults, women, and people in low-income regions. Hotter climates showed greater sleep loss per degree of warming, with no evidence of short-term adaptation. By 2099, under high-emissions scenarios, nighttime heat could lead to significant global sleep loss, exacerbating health and productivity issues tied to insufficient rest.

This randomized controlled trial explored the effects of a short-term MIND diet intervention on weight, metabolism, and brain structure in 37 middle-aged obese women. The study found significant improvements in weight, body fat percentage, waist circumference, and hunger-related hormones (leptin, ghrelin, GLP-1) in the MIND diet group compared to a control group. Despite these positive metabolic and anthropometric changes, there were no observable differences in brain structures between the groups. The results highlight the MIND diet's potential for weight management and metabolic health but not immediate effects on brain anatomy.

This study compares sleep and circadian rhythms in heavy and light alcohol drinkers. Heavy drinkers reported more eveningness and exhibited shorter intervals between melatonin onset and sleep midpoint, suggesting circadian misalignment. They also had reduced circadian photoreceptor responsiveness, potentially impairing light-based circadian regulation. Despite sleeping slightly more, heavy drinkers displayed traits linked to impulsivity and alcohol use. These findings underscore the role of alcohol in disrupting sleep-circadian systems, which could exacerbate health and cognitive risks.

This narrative review explores how nutrition, stimulants, and physical activity influence sleep quality. It highlights that diets rich in nutrients like tryptophan, omega-3s, and vitamin D can improve sleep, while high intake of caffeine, alcohol, or processed foods impairs it. Regular physical activity, especially moderate to intense exercise, enhances sleep depth and efficiency, though late-night workouts may disrupt sleep. Poor sleep is linked to health risks like obesity and cardiovascular issues. The review underscores how lifestyle adjustments, including a balanced diet and consistent exercise, can promote restorative sleep and cognitive health.

This study evaluated the impact of a social-engagement intervention on brain connectivity in socially isolated older adults. Using resting-state fMRI, researchers observed that participants undergoing the intervention exhibited improved connectivity in the dorsal attention network (DAN), a brain region crucial for focused attention and cognitive control. Enhanced DAN connectivity suggests that engaging in social interactions may strengthen neural pathways associated with attention and cognitive aging. However, findings are preliminary due to a small sample size.

This randomized controlled trial compared the stress-reduction effects of three methods—integrative yoga (combining physical postures, mindfulness, and philosophy), Iyengar yoga (focused on physical postures), and mindfulness meditation (no physical components). Over 12 weeks, all groups showed significant and sustained stress reductions, improved quality of life, and reduced anxiety and depression. However, no one method proved superior. Results suggest that any of these approaches can effectively reduce stress, leaving choice to individual preference and accessibility.

This systematic review assessed the effects of berry consumption on cognitive functions in healthy adults and older adults. Twelve randomized controlled trials involving 399 participants showed that berries, rich in flavonoids like anthocyanins, can improve memory, attention, and processing speed. Positive effects were noted across various cognitive domains, though inconsistencies exist due to differences in study designs, doses, and participant demographics. The findings highlight the potential role of berries in preventing age-related cognitive decline.

This multicountry study investigated the link between alcohol-related problems (RARP) and sleep quality in college students. It found that students with intermediate-to-high RARP were more likely to report poor sleep quality, though there was no significant association between alcohol use and sleep duration. The findings highlight alcohol's potential to disrupt restorative sleep, particularly in young adults navigating stress and lifestyle changes. Poor sleep quality combined with alcohol-related problems could worsen mental and physical health risks in this population.

This randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of the MIND diet—a combination of the Mediterranean and DASH diets—on weight, hunger-related hormones, and brain structures in overweight and obese middle-aged women. Over three months, participants following the MIND diet experienced significant reductions in weight, body mass index, body fat percentage, waist circumference, and leptin levels, alongside increases in ghrelin and GLP-1 levels, compared to a control group. However, no significant changes in brain structures were observed between the groups. These findings suggest that the MIND diet may positively influence metabolic health, which is crucial for maintaining cognitive function and overall brain health.

This randomized controlled study examined the effects of online laughter therapy on anxiety, life satisfaction, and psychological well-being among nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eighty senior students were divided into intervention and control groups, with the intervention group participating in ten sessions of laughter therapy over five weeks. Results showed significant improvements in life satisfaction and psychological well-being, as well as a marked decrease in anxiety in the intervention group compared to the control group. The findings suggest that laughter therapy can be a practical, cost-effective, and easily accessible method to address mental health challenges during times of stress and uncertainty.

This updated systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated 34 longitudinal cohort studies to determine how social relationships impact cognitive decline in older adults. It confirmed that poor social relationships—whether structural (e.g., small networks, low participation) or functional (e.g., lack of support, loneliness)—are associated with increased cognitive decline. Combining structural and functional factors showed even stronger effects. These findings highlight social-engagement's protective role in maintaining cognitive health as we age.

This UK Biobank study investigated how stress across the lifespan affects brain structure, cognitive performance, and mental health. Using MRI scans and cognitive assessments from over 5,000 participants, researchers found that stress in childhood and adulthood leads to changes in brain microstructure, particularly in the hippocampus and thalamic regions, which are critical for memory and emotion regulation. Stress was associated with reduced cognitive abilities (e.g., working memory, processing speed) and increased mental health issues, with sex-specific differences in brain changes. These findings highlight the long-term impact of stress on brain health and underline the need for targeted stress-management strategies.

This study evaluated the effects of sustained literacy engagement (leisure reading) on cognitive performance and sentence processing in adults aged 60–79. Participants were randomly assigned to an 8-week reading program or a puzzle-solving control group. The reading group showed significant improvements in working memory and episodic memory compared to the control. Reading also enhanced sentence comprehension, particularly in integrating conceptual information. These findings suggest that regular engagement with reading fosters cognitive plasticity in domains most susceptible to aging, highlighting its value for cognitive health in older adults.

This systematic review examined the effects of blue light exposure on sleep, performance, and well-being in young adults. Blue light reduced sleep quality, sleep duration, and sleep efficiency in many studies, while increasing sleep latency. However, it also enhanced cognitive performance, alertness, and reaction time in more than half the cases. Subjective well-being and mood showed mixed results, with some improvement in positive mood and reduced irritability but not consistently across studies. These findings reveal that blue light has both potential benefits and risks, underscoring the need for context-specific usage to balance performance gains with possible sleep disruption.

This systematic review and meta-analysis explored how psychosocial stress affects brain activity, focusing on EEG (electroencephalogram) measures like alpha and beta power and frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA). Psychosocial stress consistently reduced alpha power, indicating heightened cortical activity. Beta power and FAA showed inconsistent patterns across stress phases (anticipation, reaction, recovery). The findings emphasize the complexity of the brain's response to stress and suggest that alpha power may be a reliable marker for stress. These insights are valuable for understanding the neurological impact of stress and for developing stress-management interventions.

This review explores the ketogenic diet's (KD) potential in treating neurological diseases, including epilepsy, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis, and migraine. KD induces ketosis, where ketones replace glucose as the brain's primary energy source, reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuron damage. The diet also boosts mitochondrial function and supports nerve repair. While KD shows proven benefits for epilepsy, evidence for other conditions is promising but limited, often relying on animal studies and small human trials.

This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated 19 studies on the effects of vitamin D supplementation (VDS) on sleep quality, duration, and disorders. Results showed that VDS improved sleep quality, with significant reductions in the Pittsburgh sleep Quality Index scores. However, evidence for improvements in sleep duration or specific disorders like restless legs syndrome was inconsistent. The review suggests that vitamin D may regulate sleep through brain pathways involving melatonin, but further studies are needed to confirm mechanisms and broader benefits.

This review highlights yoga as an effective strategy for managing stress and improving overall well-being. By combining physical postures, breathing exercises, and meditation, yoga helps regulate the autonomic nervous system, fostering relaxation and reducing the physical and mental effects of stress. Benefits include better muscle strength, flexibility, and oxygen uptake, along with improved emotional balance and resilience. Yoga practices address stress-related health risks, such as cardiovascular diseases, while promoting a calm and focused mind, enhancing brain function and emotional stability.

This narrative review explored the role of social-engagement in promoting cognitive, emotional, and physical health among people with mild cognitive impairment (PwMCI). Social activities and networks positively influenced cognitive health, with benefits like slower cognitive decline and enhanced emotional well-being. Technology-based and in-person interventions targeting social-engagement showed promising results but are under-researched. The study proposes a multidimensional framework to guide future social-engagement strategies and technology designs for PwMCI.

This study examined the MIND diet's impact on dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk in a French older population. Over nearly 10 years, participants with higher adherence to the MIND diet—rich in leafy greens, nuts, berries, and fish—had a significantly lower risk of developing dementia and AD. MRI scans showed that a higher MIND diet score was linked to greater gray matter volume and cortical thickness in brain regions affected by AD. These findings suggest that the MIND diet may protect brain structure and delay cognitive decline.

This study examined how adherence to a MIND diet—a combination of the Mediterranean and DASH diets—affects brain health in older women exposed to air pollution (PM2.5). The researchers found that women who followed the MIND diet had larger white matter brain volumes, a marker of healthy aging. For those not following the diet, air pollution was linked to greater brain volume loss. The findings highlight the potential of the MIND diet to protect against brain aging and mitigate some of the harmful effects of environmental factors like air pollution.

This study examined the effects of musical training on working memory and verbal learning in older adults. Participants included musicians (instrumentalists or vocalists) and non-musicians. Results showed that musicians performed better on tasks requiring complex working memory and delayed verbal recall, suggesting that musical training enhances cognitive functions reliant on executive functioning. These benefits may stem from the demands of musical training, which engage memory, attention, and problem-solving, key areas often affected by aging.

This study examined the effects of Holotropic Breathwork (HBW), a method combining intense breathing, evocative music, and mindfulness, on mental health in a Czech-speaking population. Participants showed significant improvements in non-judgmental attitudes and life satisfaction, along with reduced stress levels four weeks post-session. The study suggests that HBW might help regulate emotional responses and enhance mindfulness. However, it emphasizes that the exact mechanisms of these benefits require further research.

This systematic review examined 39 studies on how mattress type influences sleep quality and low back pain. Results highlighted that medium-firm mattresses are most effective in enhancing sleep comfort, quality, and spinal alignment, reducing pain compared to soft or extra-firm mattresses. Customized or air-adjustable mattresses also showed promise in specific cases, such as chronic pain. These findings emphasize the role of mattress firmness in improving sleep, a crucial factor for cognitive performance and overall well-being.

This study explored how 10 minutes of moderate-intensity running impacts mood, executive function, and brain activity in young adults. Using a task that measures cognitive control (the Stroop task), researchers found improved reaction times and mood after running, compared to resting. Brain imaging revealed increased activity in the prefrontal cortex, a key area for decision-making and emotional regulation. These findings highlight running’s potential to simultaneously enhance cognitive performance and promote positive emotions, making it an accessible tool for mental and brain health.

This systematic review explores whether learning a second language (SLA) in later life enhances cognitive abilities and promotes neuroplasticity in older adults. Based on nine studies, results suggest SLA can improve executive functions such as attentional switching, inhibition, and working memory. Brain imaging also indicates increased connectivity in areas linked to cognitive control. However, findings are mixed, with improvements dependent on the intensity and duration of the language course. The research highlights SLA as a promising intervention to maintain cognitive health and resilience against age-related decline but calls for more robust studies to confirm these benefits.

This research explores how alcohol consumption affects the brain, highlighting structural, functional, and neurochemical changes. Chronic alcohol use leads to reduced brain volume, particularly in the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum, and damages white matter. Functional impairments include disrupted reward processing, impulsivity control, and emotional regulation. Neurotoxic effects arise from alcohol metabolism, thiamine deficiency, and inflammation. While some damage may partially reverse with abstinence, heavy drinking accelerates brain aging and neurodegeneration, impacting cognition and behavior.

The Healthline article "Mediterranean Diet 101: A Meal Plan and Beginner’s Guide" provides an overview of the Mediterranean diet, emphasizing its focus on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and healthy fats like olive oil. It suggests limiting red meat, processed foods, and added sugars. The article highlights potential health benefits, including weight management, heart health, and diabetes prevention. Regarding brain health, the article notes that the Mediterranean diet may benefit brain health and prevent cognitive decline. However, it does not provide specific details or evidence supporting this claim. Healthline is generally considered a credible source, but the lack of detailed evidence in this article suggests that while adopting the Mediterranean diet could be beneficial for overall health, its direct impact on brain health and cognitive performance is not thoroughly substantiated here.

This study investigated how social connectedness (quality and structure of relationships) and social-engagement (involvement in activities) interact to influence cognitive function in adults aged 50+ across Europe and Israel. Using data from over 66,000 participants, the results showed that both factors independently boost cognition, and their combination provides the strongest cognitive benefits. When one factor is absent, the other compensates, emphasizing their complementary roles in maintaining cognitive health and resilience against decline.

This systematic review examines randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on how dietary interventions—like specific foods, supplements, or diets—impact cognitive health in adults with and without cognitive impairments. Results highlight the benefits of the Mediterranean diet, showing its promise in reducing cognitive decline, while evidence for the DASH and MIND diets remains inconclusive. Supplements like polyphenols and specific nutrient combinations show potential for enhancing memory and brain health, though results are mixed. Consistency and higher-quality studies are needed to strengthen these findings, as they hold significant potential for preventing cognitive decline and supporting brain health.

This study assessed how aerobic exercise impacts white matter health in older adults over six months. Participants engaged in walking, dancing, or active control exercises, with walking and dancing showing improved white matter integrity (T1w/T2w signal) compared to declines in the control group. Enhanced white matter integrity in late-myelinating areas, like the corpus callosum, correlated with improved episodic memory, suggesting neuroplasticity persists in aging brains. The findings indicate aerobic exercise can slow age-related brain decline, benefiting memory and overall cognitive health.

This review highlights the role of physical-exercises, including aerobic, resistance training, martial arts, and dance, in enhancing cognitive functions. Activities like aerobic exercises and resistance training improve memory, processing speed, and brain connectivity by stimulating brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF) and increasing cerebral blood flow. Martial arts and open-skill sports like tennis also boost executive functions, including decision-making and attention. Dance is especially effective in older adults, enhancing brain volume and memory due to its multifaceted nature involving coordination and social interaction. The review emphasizes exercise's potential to prevent cognitive decline across age groups.

The Harvard Health article "Supplements: A Scorecard" evaluates the efficacy and safety of various dietary supplements commonly used for health maintenance and disease prevention. It emphasizes that, unlike medications, dietary supplements are not strictly regulated by the FDA, allowing manufacturers to market products without providing evidence of purity, potency, safety, or efficacy. The article discusses the limited scientific support for many supplements, noting that while some, like vitamin D, have shown potential benefits, others lack substantial evidence or may pose health risks. It underscores the importance of obtaining nutrients primarily through a balanced diet and advises consulting healthcare professionals before initiating any supplement regimen.Regarding brain health and cognitive performance, the article suggests that the evidence supporting the use of supplements for cognitive enhancement is generally weak. Instead, it recommends lifestyle practices such as consuming a nutrient-rich diet, engaging in regular physical activity, ensuring adequate sleep, and managing stress to promote cognitive well-being. Given Harvard Health's reputable standing and the article's reliance on current scientific research, these recommendations are credible and practical for individuals seeking to improve brain health.

This review highlights the potential benefits of intermittent fasting (IF) on brain health and cognitive function. By promoting a metabolic switch from glucose to ketones, IF enhances stress resistance, cellular repair, and neuroplasticity while reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. Animal and human studies suggest IF may help prevent or slow neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and improve mood and cognitive performance. IF also regulates circadian rhythms and enriches gut microbiota, further supporting brain health. However, more research is needed to confirm long-term effects in humans.

This research explores how alcohol and cannabis use during adolescence, a critical period for brain development, impacts brain structure, function, and cognition. It highlights that heavy alcohol use can decrease gray matter, impair white matter integrity, and disrupt cognitive functions like memory and impulse control. Heavy cannabis use is linked to changes in brain structure and reduced executive functioning. Co-use shows pronounced effects, primarily driven by alcohol. These findings emphasize the vulnerability of the developing brain to substance use.

A study conducted by researchers in Iowa investigated the effects of the Wahls and Swank diets on individuals with relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS) experiencing moderate-to-severe fatigue. Both diets emphasize high intake of fruits and vegetables while limiting processed foods. The study involved 87 participants who followed their usual diets for three months before switching to either the Wahls or Swank diet. Findings revealed that after three and six months on the new diets, participants reported significant reductions in fatigue and improvements in physical and mental quality of life. Notably, the Wahls diet group exhibited greater enhancements in certain areas and demonstrated increased walking distances after six months.These results suggest that dietary interventions focusing on whole, unprocessed foods may alleviate fatigue and enhance quality of life in individuals with relapsing MS. Incorporating such dietary patterns could support brain health and cognitive performance by providing essential nutrients and reducing inflammation. However, given the study's small sample size, further research is necessary to confirm these findings and establish comprehensive dietary recommendations. Individuals should consult healthcare professionals before making significant dietary changes.

The New York Times article examines the role of magnesium supplements in enhancing sleep quality. Magnesium, an essential mineral involved in numerous bodily functions, may aid sleep by regulating neurotransmitters that promote relaxation. Some studies suggest that magnesium supplementation can improve sleep efficiency, especially in older adults with insomnia. However, the evidence is not definitive, and more rigorous research is needed. For brain health and cognitive performance, maintaining adequate magnesium levels is important, as deficiencies have been linked to neurological issues. Incorporating magnesium-rich foods like leafy greens, nuts, and whole grains into one's diet is a practical approach. Consulting a healthcare provider before starting supplements is advisable to ensure safety and appropriateness.

This study analyzed 42 clinical trials involving 11,305 adults to determine if probiotics can help prevent diarrhea caused by antibiotics. The results showed that taking probiotics alongside antibiotics reduced the risk of diarrhea by 37%. Higher doses and certain probiotic strains (like Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, and Saccharomyces boulardii) were more effective. However, the benefits were only significant in people at moderate to high risk of antibiotic-related diarrhea. The study was well-conducted, but many included trials had a moderate risk of bias. The findings suggest probiotics may be a useful preventative measure but are less effective when the baseline risk of diarrhea is low.

This study investigated the relationship between aerobic fitness (VO₂max) and brain morphology in older adults (aged 65-75). Using MRI, researchers examined changes in grey matter volume, cortical thickness, and cerebral blood flow before and after a single 30-minute session of moderate-intensity cycling or rest. While exercise did not significantly alter brain volume or activity, higher VO₂max was linked to thicker cortex and lower blood flow in the hippocampus, suggesting more efficient oxygen use in fit individuals. The study used a randomized control design (24 in the exercise group, 25 in relaxation). Limitations included small sample size and short intervention duration, affecting generalizability.

The study systematically reviewed literature on how alcohol consumption impacts brain development in adolescents and young adults (ages 12–24). It found that alcohol can negatively affect brain structure, particularly gray and white matter, and cognitive functions like memory, attention, and decision-making. Drinking at a younger age or in higher amounts increases the risk of alcohol use disorders later in life. While the evidence strongly suggests harmful effects on brain development, results vary due to study quality and confounding factors. The research supports policies limiting youth alcohol consumption, emphasizing its potential long-term risks for brain health and cognitive performance.

This study analyzed grip strength in 9,431 adults (18–92 years) as part of the GenoFit study to establish normative data and assess associations with health variables. The study found that grip strength is strongly linked to lean mass, cardiorespiratory fitness, bone density, and disease prevalence (p < 0.001). A control group was used for comparison, and statistical analyses adjusted for confounders. The study's large sample size improves generalizability, though its cross-sectional design limits causal inference. Results suggest grip strength is a valuable screening tool for aging-related health risks, supporting early intervention strategies.

This retrospective study evaluated the impact of weighted blankets on sleep and daily activities among 85 children and adults diagnosed with ADHD and/or ASD. Results showed that weighted blankets improved sleep onset, duration, and relaxation for 81% of participants. Benefits extended to daily routines like preparing for bed and waking up. These effects suggest that the deep pressure stimulation from weighted blankets promotes relaxation and better sleep, improving focus and emotional regulation essential for cognitive and social functioning.

This critical review evaluates neuroprotective diets such as the Mediterranean, DASH, and MIND diets in reducing cognitive decline. These diets are rich in antioxidants, healthy fats, and nutrients that support brain health, potentially reducing risks of Alzheimer’s and dementia. However, findings across 5 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and 27 observational studies were inconsistent due to varied dietary scoring methods, cognitive assessment tools, and study durations. Despite gaps, these diets show promise in slowing cognitive decline and warrant further high-quality, long-term trials.

This observational study analyzed data from over 12,000 older adults using cognitive mobile games (CMG) over 100 sessions. Results showed significant improvements in cognitive performance and processing speed across all age groups, though progress was slower in participants over 80 years old. CMGs targeted abilities like memory, attention, and problem-solving, demonstrating the potential of mobile apps to help older adults maintain cognitive health in real-life settings. However, the study lacked information on participants' health backgrounds, limiting broader conclusions.

This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated 22 randomized controlled trials to assess the impact of exercise on sleep quality and insomnia in adults. Both physical and mind-body exercises (e.g., yoga, tai chi) significantly improved subjective sleep quality, as indicated by reduced insomnia severity and daytime sleepiness. Short-term interventions (≤3 months) showed stronger benefits than longer ones. Exercise also increased sleep efficiency but had limited effects on objective measures like total sleep time. These findings highlight the role of regular exercise in promoting restorative sleep and addressing sleep issues without relying on medication.

This randomized clinical trial compared the effects of two smartphone-based interventions—language learning via Duolingo and brain training via BrainHQ—on executive function in adults aged 65–75 over 16 weeks. Both interventions improved executive function, such as working memory and response inhibition, compared to a control group. BrainHQ showed stronger benefits in processing speed, while Duolingo provided equivalent gains in accuracy-based tasks, like the Stroop test. Participants found language learning more enjoyable and adhered better to its schedule, suggesting its potential as a cognitive intervention with social and lifestyle benefits.

This review discusses how nutrition influences brain health, particularly during aging. It emphasizes that a diet rich in antioxidants, anti-inflammatory components, and essential nutrients—like those found in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and fish—can reduce cognitive decline and lower the risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s. The paper highlights the gut microbiota's role in brain function and the mechanisms through which dietary patterns like the Mediterranean diet benefit cognitive health. It also addresses the detrimental effects of poor nutrition, obesity, and stress on brain aging and function.

This systematic review examined the effectiveness of yoga interventions for healthcare professionals and students, a group at high risk of mental and physical health issues. Analyzing 25 studies, it found that yoga significantly reduced stress, anxiety, and depression while improving self-compassion, mindfulness, and musculoskeletal pain. Most interventions included poses, breathwork, and meditation, delivered in workplace or academic settings. The review highlights yoga as a practical, low-cost strategy to support mental and physical well-being, but stresses the need for more rigorous and standardized research.

This paper examines how bilingualism contributes to cognitive reserve, helping individuals resist cognitive decline despite aging or dementia-related brain changes. Bilinguals tend to delay the onset of dementia symptoms compared to monolinguals, even when their brains show more advanced pathology. This advantage likely stems from the constant mental exercise of managing two languages, enhancing executive functions like attention and task-switching. However, once dementia symptoms appear, bilinguals may experience a faster cognitive decline due to accumulated pathology.

The article examines the impact of probiotics and prebiotics on the gut-brain axis and their potential benefits for mental health. It discusses how these substances can influence gut microbiota composition, leading to reduced symptoms of depression, anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, and stress. The mechanisms include enhanced neurotransmitter production, reduced neuroinflammation, and improved gut barrier integrity. While animal studies and some human trials show promise, the evidence remains preliminary, and larger clinical trials are needed to confirm therapeutic effects. Incorporating probiotic-rich foods like yogurt and kefir, as well as prebiotic sources such as onions and bananas, may support mental health by balancing gut microbiota. However, given the current state of research, these should not replace standard treatments for mental health conditions.

This systematic review examined six randomized controlled trials on yoga's impact on cognitive functions in healthy older adults. Four studies reported improvements in memory, attention, processing speed, and executive functions. The benefits were attributed to yoga's combination of physical postures, breathing, and meditation. However, the studies varied widely in yoga styles, duration, and intensity, making comparisons difficult. The overall risk of bias was high due to methodological inconsistencies, small sample sizes, and lack of blinding. Despite these limitations, the review highlights yoga as a promising intervention to support cognitive health in aging populations, warranting further research with robust designs.

This study examined the relationships between nut consumption, cognitive function, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in older adults using U.S. NHANES data from 2011-2014. Moderate nut intake (15-30g/day) was associated with better cognitive performance, especially in memory tasks, compared to non-consumers. However, the association with lower NAFLD risk was not significant after adjusting for other factors. These findings highlight the potential cognitive benefits of moderate nut consumption in aging populations.

This study examined how dinner timing impacts sleep architecture in healthy adults by comparing routine dinner (5 hours before bed) with late dinner (1 hour before bed). Results showed no significant differences in overall sleep architecture, but late dinner increased deep sleep (delta power) in the early part of the night, with lighter sleep observed later. The findings challenge the idea that eating close to bedtime negatively impacts sleep and suggest late dinners may enhance early-night sleep depth, though the effects diminish by morning. This provides novel insights into how meal timing affects sleep and could inform dietary recommendations for sleep disorders.

The NIH article discusses a study examining the relationship between sleep duration in midlife and the risk of developing dementia later on. Researchers analyzed data from nearly 8,000 individuals, starting at age 50, over a 25-year period. They found that those who consistently slept six hours or less per night in their 50s and 60s had a 30% higher risk of being diagnosed with dementia compared to those who slept seven hours. The study controlled for factors such as smoking, physical activity, body mass index, and medical conditions like diabetes and heart disease. While the findings suggest a link between short sleep duration and increased dementia risk, the study does not establish causation. Therefore, prioritizing sufficient sleep in midlife may be beneficial for long-term brain health, but further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms.

This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effects of oral magnesium supplementation on sleep in older adults with insomnia. Across three studies with 151 participants, magnesium reduced the time it took to fall asleep by an average of 17 minutes compared to placebo. While there was no significant increase in total sleep time, some measures, like sleep efficiency, showed improvement. The evidence was rated as low quality due to methodological concerns and small sample sizes, but magnesium supplementation appears safe and may modestly benefit sleep.

The NHS article on insomnia defines it as a condition characterized by regular difficulty in falling or staying asleep, leading to daytime fatigue and irritability. Common causes include stress, anxiety, depression, environmental factors like noise, and lifestyle habits such as alcohol or caffeine consumption. Chronic insomnia can impair cognitive functions, affecting concentration and memory, thereby diminishing overall brain health. To alleviate insomnia, the article recommends maintaining consistent sleep schedules, creating a restful sleeping environment, engaging in relaxation techniques before bed, and limiting stimulants like caffeine and nicotine. These lifestyle modifications are supported by clinical guidelines and aim to enhance sleep quality, which is vital for optimal cognitive performance and mental well-being.

This study investigated the immediate effects of a 10-minute exercise session, with and without a virtual reality (VR) component, on stress, anxiety, and cognitive performance in high school students during exam periods. Both groups—those playing dodgeball in real life and those in a VR dodgeball game—showed significant reductions in stress and anxiety and improvements in cognitive flexibility and attention. The findings indicate that even short bouts of physical activity can positively impact mental well-being and cognitive function. While VR did not provide additional benefits beyond traditional exercise, it engaged students more effectively, highlighting its potential as a motivational tool for stress relief.

This study examined how vigorous evening exercise affects sleep quality in nine healthy young men. Despite subjective reports of worse sleep, objective measures showed improved slow-wave sleep (SWS), critical for memory and recovery. Exercise enhanced the stability of delta brain waves in early SWS, indicating deeper, more restorative sleep. However, SWS duration slightly decreased in the first sleep cycle. These results highlight that vigorous exercise can enhance sleep efficiency and depth, providing long-term cognitive and physical health benefits despite perceived disruptions.

This cross-sectional study surveyed 387 cannabidiol (CBD) users to understand their usage patterns, focusing on self-perceived effects on stress, anxiety, and sleep. The majority used low doses (<50 mg/day) sublingually, often reporting improvements in these conditions. Female participants were more likely to use CBD for anxiety and insomnia, while younger users emphasized stress relief. While most users perceived benefits, the findings rely on self-reported data, highlighting the need for controlled studies to confirm CBD's efficacy in managing these issues and its implications for brain health and sleep quality.

The Harvard Health article "Protect Your Brain from Stress" discusses how chronic stress can adversely affect brain function, particularly memory. It explains that stress triggers the amygdala, the brain's survival center, which can divert resources from areas responsible for higher-order tasks like memory storage. This reallocation may lead to forgetfulness and cognitive decline. The article emphasizes that stress not only impacts cognition but also promotes inflammation, increasing the risk of heart disease and other chronic conditions. To mitigate these effects, it recommends stress-management techniques such as establishing routines, prioritizing sleep, and engaging in physical activity.Managing stress is crucial for maintaining brain health and cognitive performance. Chronic stress can lead to structural changes in the brain, affecting areas like the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in memory and learning. Implementing stress-reduction strategies can help preserve cognitive functions and reduce the risk of related health issues. Given Harvard Health's reputable standing and the evidence presented, these recommendations are credible and practical for enhancing brain health.

This cross-sectional study investigated the effects of yoga practice on stress, anxiety, depression, and well-being during the COVID-19 lockdown. Researchers surveyed 668 adults, dividing them into yoga practitioners, other spiritual practitioners, and non-practitioners. Yoga practitioners reported significantly lower depression, anxiety, and stress levels, along with higher well-being and peace of mind, compared to the other groups. Long-term practitioners showed the most substantial benefits, including greater resilience and emotion regulation. These findings suggest that yoga can be an effective self-management strategy for improving mental health during stressful times.

This longitudinal study explored the link between magnesium intake and sleep quality and duration in over 3,900 young adults from the CARDIA study. Higher magnesium consumption was associated with better sleep quality and a reduced likelihood of short sleep (<7 hours), particularly in individuals without depressive symptoms. However, the relationship was modest and not observed in participants with depression. Calcium-to-magnesium ratios showed no significant effect on sleep. These findings highlight the potential role of magnesium in supporting healthy sleep patterns, which are vital for cognitive function and overall brain health.

This narrative review introduces Clinical Ecopsychology, which examines how the climate crisis impacts mental health through pathways like stress, anxiety, and identity loss. Extreme weather, pollution, and environmental changes amplify mental health risks, especially in vulnerable groups. Positive connections with nature can buffer stress and improve well-being, but ecological grief and eco-anxiety are rising concerns. The study calls for integrating mental health strategies, such as fostering resilience and nature-based therapies, to adapt to the escalating environmental crisis and protect cognitive and emotional health.

The ARISTOTLE study was a 6-month randomized controlled trial that explored the effects of peanut products on memory and stress response in 63 healthy young adults. Participants consumed either skin-roasted peanuts (SRP), peanut butter (PB), or a control butter (CB). Results showed that SRP and PB improved immediate memory and reduced anxiety and depression scores compared to the control. These benefits were linked to polyphenols and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) found in peanuts. The study highlights peanuts as a functional food for enhancing cognitive health and stress-management through their impact on gut-brain interactions and bioactive compounds.

Dietary supplements are widely used to complement nutrient intake but should not replace a balanced diet. Common supplements include vitamins D and B12, calcium, and omega-3s. While they can help address deficiencies and support health, excess intake can lead to side effects or interfere with medications. Regulation by the FDA ensures safety but not efficacy before marketing. Consumers are advised to consult healthcare providers to determine the necessity, dosage, and risks of supplements.

This systematic review evaluated the effects of berry anthocyanins—compounds found in fruits like blueberries and blackcurrants—on cognitive performance, vascular health, and cardiometabolic risk. Results showed improvements in memory and some enhancements in attention, psychomotor speed, and executive function. Vascular measures, such as endothelial function and blood pressure, also improved, suggesting a link between vascular health and cognitive benefits. These findings are significant for reducing age-related cognitive decline and improving cardiovascular health.

This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated 31 randomized controlled trials involving dietary supplements to improve subjective sleep quality, using the Pittsburgh sleep Quality Index (PSQI) as the primary measure. Supplements like amino acids, vitamin D, and melatonin showed significant benefits for sleep quality. However, other supplements, such as magnesium, zinc, and resveratrol, yielded inconsistent results or insufficient evidence. Despite potential benefits, limitations like high heterogeneity and varied dosages across studies warrant cautious interpretation.

This study protocol outlines a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of an 8-style Tai Chi intervention on cognitive function in 106 participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). Participants will engage in 30-minute Tai Chi sessions, three times weekly for 24 weeks. The study will measure global cognitive function, specific cognitive domains (e.g., memory, attention), and brain activity through MRI and event-related potential tests. By comparing Tai Chi to a control group receiving only health education, this research aims to explore Tai Chi's potential as a safe, effective therapy for enhancing neuroplasticity and cognitive health in individuals with CSVD, a major contributor to vascular dementia.

This systematic review examines how resistance training (RT) induces neuroplastic changes in the brain and nervous system, improving cognitive and motor functions in health and disease. RT enhances cortical excitability, motor unit recruitment, and brain connectivity while reducing inhibitory processes, particularly in aging populations and individuals with neurological conditions like Parkinson’s or stroke. These adaptations contribute to strength, balance, and functional mobility. However, the link between neural changes and motor performance is not consistently demonstrated, highlighting the need for advanced analytical models to clarify mechanisms. RT emerges as a promising tool for both cognitive and physical health, requiring tailored approaches to optimize benefits.

This review highlights the health benefits of tree nuts, focusing on their role in glucose modulation, weight management, cardiovascular health, and cognitive performance. Tree nuts are nutrient-dense foods rich in unsaturated fats, fiber, vitamins, and polyphenols. Regular consumption is linked to reduced risks of heart disease, diabetes, inflammation, and oxidative stress, with some evidence suggesting improvements in memory and cognitive function. The bioactive compounds in nuts, such as omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and lutein (notably in pistachios), contribute to brain health, aging prevention, and neuroprotection, potentially delaying cognitive decline and supporting memory.

This research explores how musical training affects the adult brain's structure and function through neuroplasticity, which is the brain's ability to adapt to new learning experiences. It discusses differences between musicians and non-musicians, emphasizing changes in regions responsible for motor control, auditory processing, and cognitive functions. The study highlights that both inherent predispositions and training contribute to these changes. Musical training enhances the brain's connectivity and efficiency, suggesting its potential role in cognitive enhancement and healthy aging.

This guideline explores the links between insomnia and neurological diseases such as stroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and dementia. Insomnia, characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep, often worsens cognitive function and quality of life in these conditions. Underlying causes include neurodegenerative changes, motor symptoms, and medications. Treatments like cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTi), melatonin, and light therapy have shown promise. Addressing insomnia early can help improve cognition and slow disease progression in conditions like Alzheimer's. Recommendations stress combining lifestyle modifications with targeted therapies to optimize brain health.

This study investigated the effects of intermittent fasting (IF) on subcortical vascular dementia (SVaD) in mice. IF improved cognitive functions, such as spatial memory, and reduced hippocampal neuronal loss compared to mice on regular diets. However, IF also increased astrocyte activity, which could indicate either neuroprotection or neuroinflammation, requiring further study. These results suggest IF might help alleviate cognitive impairments in neurovascular diseases like SVaD through mechanisms involving hippocampal health.

This research highlights the benefits of laughter therapy as a non-pharmacological approach to reduce stress and anxiety, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Laughter stimulates the release of mood-enhancing neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin while reducing stress hormones like cortisol. It also improves sleep quality, reduces depressive symptoms, and enhances the overall quality of life. The study emphasizes laughter therapy as a cost-effective, universal intervention with significant mental health benefits across age groups and vulnerable populations.

This cohort study examined the impact of long-term nut consumption on cognitive performance in 15,467 older women. Women who consumed nuts more frequently had slightly better global cognitive scores and verbal memory than non-consumers. High nut intake was associated with cognitive scores comparable to those seen in women two years younger, suggesting a protective effect against age-related cognitive decline. However, nut consumption did not significantly affect the rate of cognitive decline over six years. The findings support nuts as a simple, nutrient-rich addition to diets for maintaining brain health in older adults.

This review examines how meal timing interacts with sleep and circadian rhythms to influence cardiometabolic health. Eating late at night or consuming most calories in the evening is linked to disrupted sleep, weight gain, and reduced glucose tolerance. Conversely, early eating patterns aligned with circadian rhythms improve metabolism and reduce obesity risk. Irregular eating schedules, common in shift work, desynchronize the master clock and peripheral body clocks, increasing cardiometabolic disease risk. Interventions like time-restricted feeding show promise for weight and glucose control but need more research for long-term effects on sleep and health.

This study examined the association between adherence to the MIND and Mediterranean diets and the age of onset of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The researchers analyzed dietary patterns and disease data from 167 participants with PD. They found that higher adherence to the MIND diet correlated with a later onset of PD, particularly in women, where the delay could be up to 17 years. For men, the Greek Mediterranean diet showed stronger associations with delayed onset. The findings suggest that antioxidant-rich and anti-inflammatory foods like leafy greens, berries, and fish could play a role in delaying PD onset. These results highlight the potential of diet as a preventive measure, particularly in neurodegenerative diseases.

This systematic review explores the effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) on cognitive function through gut microbiota manipulation. The evidence indicates that probiotics and FMT improve cognition by reducing neuroinflammation and promoting gut-brain axis health. Probiotics enhanced cognitive function in healthy individuals and patients with conditions like Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Prebiotics showed limited cognitive benefits, possibly due to short treatment durations. The findings highlight gut microbiota's role in brain health but emphasize the need for larger, long-term studies to confirm efficacy.

This study explored the link between adherence to the MIND diet and cognitive performance using data from the Framingham Heart Study. Higher adherence to the MIND diet, rich in vegetables, berries, whole grains, and healthy fats, was associated with better global cognitive function, visual memory, and processing speed. MRI scans revealed a connection between higher diet adherence and larger total brain volume, but no link to specific brain regions or cognitive decline over time. The findings underscore the MIND diet’s potential in supporting brain health through its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. However, longitudinal effects remain unclear, highlighting the need for further research.

This study analyzed the association between adherence to the MIND diet and cognitive function in older adults. Using data from a large cohort, researchers found that individuals with higher MIND diet scores had better cognitive performance and slower decline, regardless of common brain pathologies like Alzheimer's-related changes. This suggests that the MIND diet may help build "cognitive resilience," allowing people to maintain mental sharpness even when brain conditions associated with aging are present.

This study investigated the relationship between mindfulness, stress, and work engagement among over 16,000 participants of a 6-week online mindfulness course. Findings showed that higher mindfulness levels correlated with significantly lower perceived stress and moderately higher work engagement. After completing the course, participants reported improved mindfulness, reduced stress, and slight increases in engagement. These results highlight mindfulness training as a scalable and effective tool to enhance mental well-being and productivity, particularly through accessible online programs.

This systematic review examined 22 studies, including randomized trials and cohort studies, on the effects of nut consumption on cognitive performance in adults. The findings were mixed, with stronger evidence for walnuts improving cognition, particularly in older adults at risk of decline. Nut bioactive components, such as polyunsaturated fats and antioxidants, may reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, supporting brain health. While benefits were more pronounced in specific populations, methodological inconsistencies across studies limit definitive conclusions. Nuts remain a promising, nutrient-rich food for cognitive support.

This review highlights the wide-ranging health benefits of nuts, which are rich in unsaturated fats, antioxidants, and bioactive compounds like polyphenols. Nuts improve cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol, blood pressure, and inflammation. Emerging evidence links nut consumption to better brain health, as they combat oxidative stress and support vascular function. Studies suggest nuts may enhance cognitive performance and reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. However, findings are inconsistent, and more research is needed to confirm their long-term impact on cognitive decline.

The meta-analysis investigates how learning to play musical instruments influences cognitive abilities and academic performance in children and adolescents. Analyzing 34 studies with 5,998 participants, it found small but significant improvements in areas like memory, executive function, and academic outcomes (effect size g = 0.26). However, children self-selecting musical training already had slight cognitive advantages. The results suggest both innate talent and training shape benefits. While promising, inconsistent study designs and short training durations limit the conclusions. The research highlights the cognitive and academic potential of sustained, structured musical training, suggesting a meaningful but modest role in development.

This narrative review explores the mechanisms through which meditation improves mood and reduces stress. Meditation impacts psychological processes like self-compassion, reduced rumination, and enhanced attention. Physiologically, it reduces cortisol levels and inflammation markers and influences brain regions like the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, improving emotional regulation and cognitive function. These findings highlight meditation as a tool for enhancing mental health, reducing stress, and supporting brain resilience by modifying neurobiological and psychological stress responses.

This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of probiotics on cognitive function in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Among the studies, probiotics were found to improve cognitive performance significantly in those with MCI but showed limited benefits in AD patients. The analysis highlighted the role of probiotics in reducing neuroinflammation and enhancing gut-brain axis activity. Heterogeneity among studies was significant, attributed to differences in probiotic strains, dosages, and study durations. These findings suggest probiotics as a promising intervention, particularly for early cognitive decline stages, but further robust trials are needed.

This study investigated how regular caffeine intake affects REM sleep and sleep quality in 20 healthy men. Participants consumed caffeine (450 mg/day) or placebo for 10 days in a controlled setting. Regular caffeine intake delayed the onset and reduced the proportion of REM sleep, a phase critical for memory and emotional regulation. Participants also reported waking more tired after caffeine intake. These findings suggest that regular caffeine use disrupts restorative sleep phases and may promote reliance on caffeine to counteract tiredness.

This randomized crossover trial assessed the effects of a 12-week modified ketogenic diet (KD) on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. The KD improved daily function and quality of life significantly compared to a standard low-fat diet, though cognitive improvements were not statistically significant. Participants maintained a state of ketosis, supporting brain energy through ketones rather than glucose. Changes in cardiovascular markers were mostly positive, and adverse effects were mild, suggesting the diet is safe and feasible for managing AD symptoms.