Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), are key markers of the immune system's response to stress. Chronic stress increases the production of these cytokines, leading to systemic inflammation that can damage tissues, impair cognitive function, and accelerate the progression of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Elevated cytokine levels are associated with mood disorders, including depression and anxiety, as inflammation disrupts the brain's neurotransmitter systems and neuroplasticity. Monitoring pro-inflammatory cytokines provides valuable insights into the long-term physiological effects of stress and helps guide interventions to reduce inflammation and protect neurological health.
Pro-inflammatory cytokines are measured through blood or other biological fluids, such as cerebrospinal fluid, using advanced laboratory techniques like enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) or multiplex assays. Blood samples are collected through venipuncture and must be processed promptly to preserve cytokine integrity. Fasting prior to sample collection may be recommended to avoid dietary influences on cytokine levels. Measurement is typically conducted in research or clinical settings, and repeated assessments may be required to understand chronic stress's impact over time. By analyzing specific cytokines, clinicians and researchers can evaluate the inflammatory load and its relationship to stress-related health outcomes.