Vitamin and Mineral Supplements for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer

This systematic review evaluated the efficacy of vitamin and mineral supplements in preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer. Analyzing 84 studies with 739,803 participants, it found that multivitamins slightly reduced cancer incidence but had no effect on CVD or mortality. Beta carotene increased lung cancer risk, particularly in high-risk individuals. Vitamin D, vitamin E, and other supplements showed no significant benefits. Some supplements, like vitamin A and E, were linked to adverse effects like hip fractures and hemorrhagic stroke. The study highlights the limited role of supplementation in disease prevention, especially for well-nourished populations.

Rather than relying on supplements, focus on a nutrient-rich diet with whole foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding smoking can reduce cardiovascular and cancer risk. This study suggests that supplements provide little added benefit for those without deficiencies, so prioritizing a balanced diet and healthy lifestyle remains the most effective prevention strategy.