The gut microbiome, immune modulation, and cognitive decline: insights on the gut-brain axis

This review highlights the critical role of the gut microbiome in brain health through its regulation of the immune system. It emphasizes the gut-brain axis, showing how gut bacteria influence cognitive processes via immune modulation and production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Dysbiosis, or imbalances in gut microbiota, is linked to cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. The research underscores how factors like diet and environment shape the microbiome, opening avenues for microbiome-targeted therapies. This could lead to new treatments for cognitive disorders and improved brain health, addressing a significant public health challenge.

Adopting a diet rich in fiber, fermented foods, and diverse plant-based nutrients can improve gut microbiota and brain health. Evidence from this review links high-fiber diets to increased SCFA production, which reduces inflammation and supports cognitive function. However, as the findings are from a review, direct lifestyle changes should consider individual variations and consult with healthcare professionals for tailored interventions.