Stress and neuroinflammation: a systematic review of the effects of stress on microglia and the implications for mental illness

This systematic review examines how stress influences neuroinflammation, focusing on the role of microglia, the brain's immune cells. Stress activates microglia, increasing inflammation in brain regions like the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, which are critical for memory and decision-making. This activation contributes to mental health issues, including depression and anxiety. Stress during early life "primes" microglia, making them overreactive to later stressors, supporting the "two-hit" hypothesis for mental illness. These findings highlight the importance of managing stress to prevent long-term brain inflammation and mental health disorders.

To mitigate stress-induced brain inflammation, adopt stress-reduction techniques such as mindfulness, regular exercise, or yoga. These methods may lower inflammatory responses and support mental health. Early interventions are especially crucial, as childhood stress significantly impacts lifelong brain health. While these strategies align with current findings, further human studies are needed to confirm specific outcomes.