Stress and long-term memory retrieval: a systematic review

This systematic review explores how stress affects long-term memory retrieval, focusing on stress-induced cortisol release. Across 13 studies involving 962 participants, it was found that acute stress impairs memory retrieval, particularly when stress occurs 15–25 minutes before the memory test. The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) was the most effective in inducing stress-related cortisol surges. Age, sex, and time of day influenced outcomes, with younger men more affected. Stress particularly disrupts retrieval for previously studied material, but retrieval practice may mitigate these effects. This research is significant for understanding stress impacts on cognitive performance, particularly in high-stakes situations like exams or public speaking.

To minimize stress-related memory retrieval issues, practice stress-reduction techniques like mindfulness or deep breathing before high-pressure situations. Use retrieval practice (active recall) to strengthen memory, as it appears less affected by stress than passive study methods. While the review supports these strategies, individual differences in stress responses should guide specific interventions for cognitive performance enhancement.