Sleep Across the Lifespan: A Neurobehavioral Perspective

This review examines how sleep patterns, neurophysiology, and behaviors change across the lifespan and their impact on health. Key findings include how early childhood naps support memory, misaligned sleep schedules contribute to social jet lag, and older adult sleep changes are linked to cognitive decline. Socioeconomic and environmental factors also play a role in sleep quality. The review emphasizes the need for long-term studies to better understand how sleep influences health over time. While cross-sectional data highlight trends, causality remains unclear. Further research is needed to determine effective interventions for different age groups.

To support healthy sleep and cognitive function, individuals should maintain consistent sleep schedules, limit exposure to artificial light before bedtime, and engage in regular physical activity. Good sleep hygiene, including a dark, cool sleeping environment and avoiding stimulants late in the day, can improve sleep quality. Since age-related sleep changes vary, personalized strategies—such as adjusting sleep times or napping in older adults—may help optimize brain health.