Second Language Learning in Older Adults: Effects on Brain Structure and Predictors of Learning Success

This study explored the effects of second language learning on brain structure and cognitive performance in older adults (65-75 years old). Participants engaged in an 11-week entry-level Italian course or a relaxation intervention. Brain scans before and after the interventions revealed no significant structural changes in language- and memory-related brain areas. However, hippocampal volume and associative memory ability were strong predictors of vocabulary learning success. The findings suggest that while second language learning may not cause detectable brain changes in the short term, certain cognitive traits support language acquisition in older age.

To improve brain health, older adults may consider engaging in language learning to enhance cognitive reserve and memory skills. While this study showed no immediate structural brain changes, it highlights the importance of hippocampal health and memory. Activities such as regular memory training and engaging in challenging learning tasks may complement language learning efforts.