Gut–Brain Axis and Brain Microbiome Interactions from a Medical Perspective

This systematic review explores the connection between the gut microbiome and brain function, emphasizing the potential influence of gut bacteria on neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. It also examines emerging evidence of a microbiome within the brain itself. The review analyzed 63 relevant studies from a dataset of 2716 articles. While the gut–brain axis facilitates neurotransmitter and immune signaling between the two systems, knowledge gaps remain on the exact mechanisms. The study highlights the role of gut bacteria in neuroinflammation and cognitive health but notes limitations due to reliance on correlation rather than causation and a lack of standardized microbiome research methods.

Maintaining a balanced gut microbiome through dietary fiber, probiotics, and fermented foods may support cognitive function by reducing neuroinflammation. However, the study’s reliance on correlational data means causation remains unproven. Lifestyle choices such as stress reduction and diverse, plant-rich diets may enhance microbiota diversity, potentially improving brain health. Further clinical trials are needed before microbiome-targeted interventions can be recommended as definitive treatments.