Contribution of social and lifestyle factors to cognitive status and 5-year change among middle-aged and older Americans

This longitudinal study examined how social and lifestyle factors influence cognitive status in middle-aged and older Americans over five years. Using data from 2,192 participants (mean age 71.6), researchers analyzed physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, sleep, and social engagement. Social factors, particularly frequent social activities and strong social ties, had a stronger impact on cognitive health than lifestyle behaviors. Past smoking and moderate alcohol intake correlated with better cognitive function, though causality remains unclear. Gender and age influenced these associations, with women and older adults benefiting more from social engagement. Future research should assess causation and cognitive domains.

Encouraging regular social engagement, such as attending group meetings or volunteering, may support cognitive health, especially in older adults. Maintaining close social ties is beneficial, potentially outweighing individual lifestyle choices like physical activity or alcohol consumption. However, the study does not establish causality, so interventions should be personalized. Cognitive health programs should integrate social components alongside traditional lifestyle modifications.